**3. Development and pathology**

Fedor-Freybergh, from a prenatal viewpoint, has rehearsed the problematic nature of increasing discontinuities emerging from social destabilization reaching back to early prenatal traces of memory [56, 57]. The general message seems to be that through the processes of neuronal migration, organization, wiring, myelination, shaping and eliminating of excess neurons [8], even earliest information is sustained. Still, an approach of the earlier the better in several aspects of intervention has not yet been fully realized, as can be derived from the findings of epigenetics and fetal programming [58].

In prenatal stages of increased neuronal plasticity, milieu factors influence protein synthesis and program reference input in biological systems such as the HPA axis. While early postnatal epigenetic alterations are still partially influenceable [59, 60], the Barker hypothesis [61–63] postulates highly probable influences from the fetal period on cardio-metabolic functioning [62] and on brain functioning [64]. Some pregnancy-associated disorders have shown to connect to fetal experiencing [65], which also hints at the fetal period to be highly important for psychosomatic development. At least, it can be said to be responsible for the development of an archetypal mode of bonding and ambivalence ("Urbindung" and "Urambivalenz"). Taking into account that regulatory disorders in infants are obviously correlated with insufficient dealings within the family system, especially the family but also institutional surroundings of early childhood like kindergarten and preschool play a significant role in influencing personality. Research findings on regulatory disorders [66–70] provide dyadic insights but do not tend to regard triads [71], let alone setting, context, or background [72]; that is why many findings of attachment research [73] need to be augmented by a more panoramic view of relations. Also, an intergenerational perspective of trauma impact [74] carries weight since it provides vertical insight into modes of re-traumatization.

The pivotal role in human developmental pathology is certainly played by violence, as it shows in externalized action with huge destructive potential. Individuals with violent behavior inflict injuries on others, either physically, psychically, or both. Individual; i.e., subjective violent behavior, as social scientists like Hurrelmann [75] have shown, is mainly to be understood as generated by intrapsychic, interpersonal and social conflicts. Still, even an obvious inclination to aggression must not be assessed pathological in general; aggression encompasses a zestful constituent part [76]; it goes heavy on libido, i.e., on the dopaminergic system. That is why violence must not be confused with aggression in the shape of expansion and initiative, which belong to the individual developmental process. In contrast, violence as a mode of destructive aggression will have to undergo a transformation into pro-social modes before it is realized. As is often the case, etiopathology of psychic disorders can only partially be traced back [77]. Yet, concepts of phenomenology like, e.g., pathogenetic situation [10, 39], can reasonably be applied, and diverse traits of complex trauma can be observed out of which violence emerges [78]. Traumatized children have problems with changing perspectives since persisting stress from complex trauma has severely compromised their modes of experiencing, adding to lifelong trauma-associated conditions like dissociation [78, 79]. Presently, a phenotypical similarity in dissociation and severe psychopathology like schizophrenia is being discussed [80].

It is obvious that high levels of interdisciplinary exchange will be necessary to meet the challenges of brain, mind, and social factors (cp. **Figure 1**). In order to conceptualize further research on their intertwining, subjectivity formation and social objectivity have to be differentiated. The following concepts are thus not along the differentiation of subjective and objective aspect in dual-aspect monism as in the conception of Kessler et al. [81] but describe the subject in a grid of collective predisposition into which it has to develop.

*Challenges for Behavioral Neuroscience: Prenatal, Postnatal, and Social Factors DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85368*

**Figure 1.** *Bio-psychosocial factors model of violent behavior, modified after Schick 2017.*
