**5. BORM in detail**

#### **5.1. Object-orientation**

The object-oriented paradigm comes from the 1970s, when started the research of new species of user-friendly operation systems, graphical user interfaces and consequently in related programming techniques necessary for their software implementation. It changed software engineering paradigm by incorporating non-traditional ways of thinking into the field of applied computer science. On OOP, the software system is modelled as an abstraction of the real world in the very similar way as it is in classical philosophy (e.g. models, meta-models, ontologies, objects…). The basic building concept is an object that incorporates both data structures and their functionality. Another modelling approaches handle data and behaviour independently, but OOP is based on their mutual dependency. OOP has been and still is explained in many books, but we consider that this early work [14] written by OOP pioneers is still the best.

#### **5.2. Finite-state machines**

BORM has been used for a number of large projects by Deloitte consulting company, Central

• the modelling of characteristic features of the Central European general agricultural com-

• business-process reengineering approach of the Central-European telecommunication net-

• at last but not least, the project on improving the quality of life in small settlements of the

The object-oriented paradigm comes from the 1970s, when started the research of new species of user-friendly operation systems, graphical user interfaces and consequently in related programming techniques necessary for their software implementation. It changed software engineering

• the identification of business processes in Czech health care system,

• business-process reengineering approach of the electricity supply industry,

Europe office in Prague, including

68 Modeling and Computer Simulation

**Figure 4.** BORM model decomposed into standard UML models.

modities wholesale sector,

work management, and

**5. BORM in detail**

**5.1. Object-orientation**

Czech Republic which this text is about.

In the field of theoretical informatics, the finite-state machines (FSM) theory is a study of abstract automatons and the problems they can save. An automaton is a mathematical model for an entity that responds to its external environments, receives data and produces another data. Automata can be constructed in a way that the output from one of them becomes input for another. Finite-state machine activity is determined not only by receiving data but also by an internal status of given machine. The output is created as the combination of an input and internal status. For example, the FSM theory is essential not only for the computer science and engineering, but also for a human language translation theory. It has been explained in

**Figure 5.** BORM business diagram symbols.

[12] and many latest publications. The idea of FSM also inspired behavioural features of the Unified Modelling Language [6].

in every part of law and local government itinerary and their practical impacts on their settlements and their citizens. They do not know how to fully use the legislation in favour of the settlements and usually depend on a misleading interpretation provided by their governing bodies and more often by another subjects, who are frequently privately involved in the pro-

The Role of Computer Simulation Tools in Improving the Quality of Life in Small Settlements…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81244

71

Urban sprawl an uncontrolled expansion of certain kind of urban build-up into the free landscape caused by favourable land prices, demand for cheap but modern estates, etc. Dualny and others wrote [17] about harmful absorption of original small settlement structures, which causes many negative effects. It is a wrong experience that arose in the second half of twentieth century in the advanced industrial countries (USA, France and Great Britain) and lately also in our country. At the beginning, citizens of affected settlements typically perceive the

We examined the legislation and local officials' experience related to the processes and agendas of the urban planning of the landscape areas and small settlements with regards to the new housing and building law and regional management trends in the European Union. It consisted of a series of simulation sessions with four business process models correlated to the building development and territorial planning. One of them is also our example of the

Our method handling business process models of EU-legislative and their visual simulation encourages the officials (particularly in the smallest villages) to explain this legislation and shows the possible alternatives of its use. Our models and their visual simulations explain how the BORM can be applied to improve the process of decision-making on the level of mayors and local officials. It allows the opportunity to model and simulate real-life situations in small villages. The example at **Figure 6** presents the BORM business object diagram of a process of acquiring building permits. **Figure 7** presents the particular step of Craft.CASE simulation software [18], where the BORM model can be visually step-by-step animated.

Our method is based on business-process models and their visual simulation. This helps the participating subjects (especially in the smallest villages) to explain the legislation and designates the optional ways of its performing. Our models and their visual simulation illustrate how it can be practised to improve the decision-making process on the level of mayors and local authorities. It makes the opportunity to model and simulate real-life situations in small villages. Our modelling software allows analysing particular simulation steps. Our diagram is a visual representation of object associations and communications within given business-process. Our notation is the re-used UML notation from the state diagram, activity diagram and sequence diagram UML but combined and simplified in an original way into a new diagram that shows the process in the manner of mutually interacting automata (FSM). Furthermore, we can use a visual simulator for animating these business processes. Our visual simulation software has incorporated the user

Sure, when presenting our method, the target staffs are typically not educated in any ICTrelated skill (Yet if they are people from small villages). On the other hand, the processmapping stage must be fast accomplished. This is why the analysis team does not have much

group communication component inspired by Facebook chatting (see **Figure 8**).

cess in question and thus biased.

urban sprawl optimistically, mostly because of the lobbying.

process of building permission in **Figure 6**.

### **5.3. BORM business diagram**

BORM uses an original diagram for business process modelling and subsequent simulation (see **Figure 5**). It conveys together information from three separate UML diagrams: state, communication and sequence.

The BORM group has found that it is clearly understood by business stakeholders. Main principles of the BORM process diagram are:


Officially, BORM process diagrams are graphical representations of interconnected Mealytype automata, where each automaton represents some participating entity of the entire business process. The idea of modelling participating entities as FSM automata was firstly discussed in [12]. Visual simulation of a business process is based on market-graph Petri net. It is a very similar method, which is fully explained in [15]. Hence, we can model states, transitions and operations of all entities involved in a given business process in a very powerful but still relatively simple and intelligible graphics for domain experts who typically are not educated in detailed computed science.
