Chrysotile type asbestos: Range 0–690 fibers/gram wet weight lymph node.

Mean fibers/gram wet weight lymph node.

\*,@Amphiboles type asbestos: Range 0–690 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Mean 20 fibers/gram wet weight lymph node.

+,#,@Chrysotile & Amphibole: Range 0–1380 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Mean 39 fibers/gram wet weight lymph node.

\*\*Asbestos bodies: Range 0–1 bodies/gram wet weight lymph node

Mean <1 body per gram wet weight lymph node.

*\* Amphiboles include: tremolite*

*\*\*Asbestos bodies counted by light microscopy of cytocentrifuge preparations. Levels are too low to be detected by electron microscopy.*

*+ The combination of chrysotile and amphibole fiber burdens represent only cases from the 35 case pool studied where both types of fibers were seen together.*

*# 100% of the fibers counted were less than 5 μm in length and 100% of those fibers were less than 1 μm in length. @All amphiboles fibers were tremolite.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Electron Microscopy - Novel Microscopy Trends*

patients were in fact exposed.

207 patients used as background controls. It was only in the initial 25 patients that 3 exposed patients actually slipped through. However, based on finding 1 patient with one amosite fiber, 1 patient with one crocidolite fiber and 1 patient with high concentrations of long chrysotile fibers were the only ones that ultimately proved after extensive further questioning of the family, it determined that these three

Another criterion to be considered is the timing of background controls, when

they were taken compared to the patient that is being analyzed. It has become very apparent that the numbers of asbestos fibers that are being found in patients both exposed and those of background controls have been declining over the years. The phenomenon is the result of the outlawing of most uses of asbestos. Therefore, workers are no longer exposed to asbestos and asbestos products and only those that had been in the past will present with asbestos in their tissues. Another criterion to consider is that over time even the commercial amphiboles will be decreased due to dissolution in the body and removal from the primary site of entrance, presumably the lung. It is a well-known and documented fact that chrysotile has a relatively short half-life in human tissue as compared to amphiboles and therefore, even high exposures of chrysotile, may not be detected in an asbestos fiber burden analysis many years later. It should, however, be noted that chrysotile fibers are not totally removed from the lungs in weeks or months making them relatively non-toxic. Only very long thick fibers are removed from the lung in this period of time. Chrysotile fibers as long as a few hundred micrometers in length can reach the periphery of the lung and once there can be present for years before they are broken down and transported out of the lung or to other tissues. One of the most common hallmarks of a chrysotile exposure is the residual tremolite that one finds in an analysis. Tremolite is a known contaminate of chrysotile that is an amphibole and therefore is more resistant to rapid breakdown and removal. Tremolite tends to be shorter in length and is frequently taken up by macrophages and moves with the smaller broken down chrysotile as compared to the commercial amosite and crocidolite type asbestos. These factors all apply to the background population. Over the 35 plus years of

Current levels of asbestos fiber burden observed in digests of lung tissue from our autopsy and surgical

*Asbestos bodies counted by light microscopy of cytocentrifuge preparations. Levels are too low to be detected by* 

*The combination of chrysotile and amphibole fiber burdens represent only cases from the 35 case pool studied where* 

*100% of the fibers counted were less than 5 μm in length and 100% of those fibers were less than 1 μm in length.*

*This table illustrates the range, means and types of asbestos found in the lungs of patients that have had absolutely no exposure to asbestos except for the air they breathe in the New York metropolitan area.*

population with no history of asbestos exposure. All fibers regardless of size are counted.

Chrysotile type asbestos: Range 0–30,000 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Chrysotile & Amphibole: Range 0–690 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Amphiboles type asbestos: Range 0–345 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Asbestos bodies: Range 0–1 bodies/gram wet weight lung

Mean 857 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Mean 10 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Mean 20 fibers/gram wet weight lung

*Amphiboles include: tremolite.*

*both types of fibers were seen together.*

*@All amphiboles fibers were tremolite.*

*electron microscopy.*

Mean <1 body per gram wet weight lung.

**82**

#

\*

+,#

\*\*

*\**

*\*\**

*+*

*#*

**Table 2.**

*This table illustrates the range, means and types of asbestos found in the paratracheal and parabronchial lymph nodes of patients that have had absolutely no exposure to asbestos except for the air they breathe in the New York metropolitan area.*

Current levels, 2009–present, of asbestos fiber burden observed in digests of 15 abdominal organs and tissues from our autopsy and surgical population with no history of asbestos exposure. All fibers regardless of size are counted.

Chrysotile type asbestos: Range 0 fibers/gram wet weight abdominal organs and tissues Mean 0 fibers/gram wet weight abdominal organs and tissues.

\*,@Amphiboles type asbestos: Range 0 fibers/gram wet weight abdominal organs and tissues

Mean 0 fibers/gram wet weight abdominal organs and tissues.

Chrysotile & Amphibole: Range 0 fibers/gram wet weight lung

Mean 0 fibers/gram wet weight abdominal organs and tissues.

\*\*Asbestos bodies: Range 0 bodies/gram wet weight abdominal organs and tissues.

Mean <1 body per gram wet weight abdominal organs and tissues.

*\* Amphiboles could include: tremolite or anthophyllite.*

*\*\*Asbestos bodies counted by light microscopy of cytocentrifuge preparations. Levels are too low to be detected by electron microscopy.*

#### **Table 4.**

*This table shows that in patients with no history to asbestos or talc exposure there was no evidence of asbestos in the abdominal organs including any gynecological organs as the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and cervix.*

#### **10. Summary and conclusions**

Based on what has been presented above shows that it is clear that there are many possible methods for looking at talcum powders for contaminating asbestos and human tissue for the presence of asbestos, talc and talc contaminants such as aluminum silicates and silica. The difference between these techniques and methods are their sensitivity. The ability to identify these structures go from the least sensitive light microscopic methods using XRD, PLM or PCM to SEM with EDS and then to the most sensitive using a TEM and employing all the analytic methods of EDS and SAED. Sensitivity based on this equipment is based solely on the ability for the instruments to resolve the structures. In most, if not all these methods of looking at the material, sensitivity relies on how one prepares the specimen and how much of the specimen one examines. Therefore, when looking for small fibers or particles that contaminate the talcum powder or the human tissue it is a must, especially when not seen by less sensitive techniques as light microscopy, that the samples have to be examined with an analytic TEM, ATEM and an adequate amount has to be viewed to insure that if the contamination is low or very low, it can still be detected. A perfect comparison is the testing for drugs in blood. If one employs the least sensitive instrument and looking at a relatively tiny sample of blood, small amounts of drugs will not be detected and patients or the addict will not be considered positive when in fact they had taken drugs. Therefore, to identify contaminates in cosmetic talcum powder that will cause disease in humans, one must not only employ the proper instrumentation but also analyze an adequate amount of the talcum powder or human tissue preparation.

### **Author details**

Ronald E. Gordon1,2,3

1 Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

2 Core Pathology Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

3 Analytic Asbestos Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: ronald.gordon@mountsinai.org

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**85**

*Analytic Analyses of Human Tissues for the Presence of Asbestos and Talc*

[9] Grieger GR. Cover Letter Explanation of Analytical Results, Item MA2270. Westmont, IL: McCrone

[10] McCrone LB, Shimps RJ. Letter Report of Results—Talc Samples to C. F. Thompson. Westmont, IL: McCrone

[11] McCrone LB. Analysis of Talc By X-ray Diffraction and Polarized Light Microscopy, Under Contract to NIOSH. Westmont, IL: McCrone

[12] McCrone Associates. Report of Analytical Results, Item MA5500, Talc 1615. Westmont, IL: McCrone

[13] New York University, Department of Chemistry. Report of Analytical Results.

[14] Rohl AN, Langer AM. Identification and quantification of asbestos in talc. Environmental Health Perspectives.

[15] Rohl AN. Asbestos in talc. Environmental Health Perspectives.

[16] Rohl AN, Langer AM. Consumer talcum's and powders: Mineral and chemical characteristics. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.

[17] Kremer T, Millette JR. A standard TEM procedure for identification and quantification of asbestiform minerals in talc. The Microscope.

Associates; 1971

Associates; 1975. p. 22

Associates; 1977

Associates; 1977

September 1972

1974;**9**:95-109

1974;**9**:129-132

1976;**2**:255-284

1990;**38**(4):457-468

[18] Nititakis JM, McEwen GN, editors. CTFA Cosmetic Talc J4-1. Washington D.C.: Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Inc.; 1982. CTFA Compendium Method J 4-1.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83656*

[1] Virta RL. Asbestos: Geology, mineralogy, mining, and uses. US Department of the Interior: US Geology Survey. Open-File Report No. 02-149.

[2] Takahashi K, Landrigan PJ. The global health dimensions of asbestos and asbestos-related diseases. Annals of

Global Health. 2016;**82**:209-213

[3] Langer AM, Ashley R, Baden, Berkley C, Hammond EC, Mackler AD, et al. Identification of asbestos in human tissues. Journal of Occupational

Medicine. 1973;**15**:287-295

[4] Gordon RE, Fitzgerald S, Millette J. Asbestos in commercial cosmetic talcum powder as a cause of mesothelioma in women. International Journal of Occupational

and Environmental Health.

[5] Heller DS, Gordon RE, Katz N. Correlation of asbestos fibers burdens in fallopian tubes and ovarian tissues. Americsn Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999;**181**:346-347

[6] Ehrlich H, Gordon RE, Dikman S.

[7] Wu M, Gordon RE, Herbert R, Padill M, Moline J, Mendelson D, et al. Lung disease in world trade center responders exposed to dust and smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives.

[8] Cralley LJ, Key MM, Groth DH, Lainhart WS, Ligo RM. Fibrous and mineral content of cosmetic talcum products. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

2010;**118**:499-504

1968;**29**(4):350-354

Asbestos in colon tissue from occupational exposed workers and general population with colon carcinoma. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1991;**19**:629-636

2014;**20**:318-332

2003. pp. 1-28

**References**

*Analytic Analyses of Human Tissues for the Presence of Asbestos and Talc DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83656*

#### **References**

*Electron Microscopy - Novel Microscopy Trends*

**10. Summary and conclusions**

**84**

**Author details**

Ronald E. Gordon1,2,3

or human tissue preparation.

New York, NY, USA

New York, NY, USA

Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

1 Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,

2 Core Pathology Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at

Based on what has been presented above shows that it is clear that there are many possible methods for looking at talcum powders for contaminating asbestos and human tissue for the presence of asbestos, talc and talc contaminants such as aluminum silicates and silica. The difference between these techniques and methods are their sensitivity. The ability to identify these structures go from the least sensitive light microscopic methods using XRD, PLM or PCM to SEM with EDS and then to the most sensitive using a TEM and employing all the analytic methods of EDS and SAED. Sensitivity based on this equipment is based solely on the ability for the instruments to resolve the structures. In most, if not all these methods of looking at the material, sensitivity relies on how one prepares the specimen and how much of the specimen one examines. Therefore, when looking for small fibers or particles that contaminate the talcum powder or the human tissue it is a must, especially when not seen by less sensitive techniques as light microscopy, that the samples have to be examined with an analytic TEM, ATEM and an adequate amount has to be viewed to insure that if the contamination is low or very low, it can still be detected. A perfect comparison is the testing for drugs in blood. If one employs the least sensitive instrument and looking at a relatively tiny sample of blood, small amounts of drugs will not be detected and patients or the addict will not be considered positive when in fact they had taken drugs. Therefore, to identify contaminates in cosmetic talcum powder that will cause disease in humans, one must not only employ the proper instrumentation but also analyze an adequate amount of the talcum powder

3 Analytic Asbestos Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,

\*Address all correspondence to: ronald.gordon@mountsinai.org

[1] Virta RL. Asbestos: Geology, mineralogy, mining, and uses. US Department of the Interior: US Geology Survey. Open-File Report No. 02-149. 2003. pp. 1-28

[2] Takahashi K, Landrigan PJ. The global health dimensions of asbestos and asbestos-related diseases. Annals of Global Health. 2016;**82**:209-213

[3] Langer AM, Ashley R, Baden, Berkley C, Hammond EC, Mackler AD, et al. Identification of asbestos in human tissues. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 1973;**15**:287-295

[4] Gordon RE, Fitzgerald S, Millette J. Asbestos in commercial cosmetic talcum powder as a cause of mesothelioma in women. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2014;**20**:318-332

[5] Heller DS, Gordon RE, Katz N. Correlation of asbestos fibers burdens in fallopian tubes and ovarian tissues. Americsn Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999;**181**:346-347

[6] Ehrlich H, Gordon RE, Dikman S. Asbestos in colon tissue from occupational exposed workers and general population with colon carcinoma. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1991;**19**:629-636

[7] Wu M, Gordon RE, Herbert R, Padill M, Moline J, Mendelson D, et al. Lung disease in world trade center responders exposed to dust and smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2010;**118**:499-504

[8] Cralley LJ, Key MM, Groth DH, Lainhart WS, Ligo RM. Fibrous and mineral content of cosmetic talcum products. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1968;**29**(4):350-354

[9] Grieger GR. Cover Letter Explanation of Analytical Results, Item MA2270. Westmont, IL: McCrone Associates; 1971

[10] McCrone LB, Shimps RJ. Letter Report of Results—Talc Samples to C. F. Thompson. Westmont, IL: McCrone Associates; 1975. p. 22

[11] McCrone LB. Analysis of Talc By X-ray Diffraction and Polarized Light Microscopy, Under Contract to NIOSH. Westmont, IL: McCrone Associates; 1977

[12] McCrone Associates. Report of Analytical Results, Item MA5500, Talc 1615. Westmont, IL: McCrone Associates; 1977

[13] New York University, Department of Chemistry. Report of Analytical Results. September 1972

[14] Rohl AN, Langer AM. Identification and quantification of asbestos in talc. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1974;**9**:95-109

[15] Rohl AN. Asbestos in talc. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1974;**9**:129-132

[16] Rohl AN, Langer AM. Consumer talcum's and powders: Mineral and chemical characteristics. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1976;**2**:255-284

[17] Kremer T, Millette JR. A standard TEM procedure for identification and quantification of asbestiform minerals in talc. The Microscope. 1990;**38**(4):457-468

[18] Nititakis JM, McEwen GN, editors. CTFA Cosmetic Talc J4-1. Washington D.C.: Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Inc.; 1982. CTFA Compendium Method J 4-1.

Asbestiform amphiboles minerals in cosmetic talc. In: Cosmetic Ingredients Test Methods. Washington D.C.: Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association; 1990. pp. 1-6

[19] U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention. Official USP 5/1/09-7/31/09 Monographs: Talc, Absence of Asbestos; 2009

[20] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Test Method EPA/600/R-93/116—Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Building Materials; 1993

[21] Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA). Appendix A to Subpart E—Interim transmission electron microscopy analytical methods, U.S. EPA, 40 CFR part 763, Asbestoscontaining materials in schools, final rule and notice. Federal Register. 1987;**52**(210):41857-41894

[22] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D6281-09, standard test method for airborne asbestos concentration in ambient and indoor atmospheres as determined by transmission electron microscopy direct transfer. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2009

[23] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D5755, standard test method for microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis of dust by transmission electron microscopy for asbestos structure number surface loading. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2011

[24] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D5756, standard test method for microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis of dust by transmission electron microscopy for asbestos mass surface loading. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 1998

[25] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D6480, standard

test method for wipe sampling of surfaces, indirect preparation, and analysis for asbestos structure number concentration by transmission electron microscopy. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 1999

[26] International Standards Organization. ISO 10312, Ambient air: Determination of asbestos fibres— Direct-transfer transmission electron microscopy procedure. 1995

[27] International Standards Organization. ISO 13794, Ambient air: Determination of asbestos fibers—Indirect transmission electron microscopy method. 1999

[28] Su S-C. d-Spacing and interfacial angle table for indexing zone-axis patterns of amphibole asbestos minerals obtained by selected area electron diffraction in transmission electron microscope. American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). 2003-2004:6251-6298

[29] Yamate G, Agarwall SC, Gibbons RD. Methodology for the measurement of airborne asbestos by electron microscopy. EPA Draft Report Contract #68-02-3266; 1984

[30] Wylie AG. Discriminating amphibole cleavage fragments from asbestos: Rationale and methodology. In: Proceedings of the VIIth: International Pneumoconioses Conference: Exposure Assessment and Control Asbestos. 1990. pp. 1065-1069

[31] Wylie AG, Virta RL, Russek E. Characterizing and discriminating airborne amphibole cleavage fragments and amosite fibers: Implications for the NIOSH method. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1985;**46**(4):197-201

[32] Campbell WJ, Blake RL, Brown LL. Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties, Mineralogical

**87**

*Analytic Analyses of Human Tissues for the Presence of Asbestos and Talc*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83656*

Definitions and Identification-Characterization. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8751. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior;

[33] Harper M, Lee EG, Slaven JE, Bartley DL. An inter-laboratory study to determine the effectiveness of procedures for discriminating amphibole asbestos fibers from amphibole cleavage fragments in fiber counting by phase-contrast microscopy. Annals of Occupational Hygiene.

[34] Kelse JW, Thompson CS. The regulatory and mineralogical definitions

of asbestos and their impact on amphibole dust analysis. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

[35] Miller A, Teirstein AS, Bader ME, Bader RA, Selikoff IJ. Talc pneumoconiosis. Significance of sublight microscopic mineral particles.

American Journal of Medicine.

[36] Volume 100C. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyons, France: World Health Organization; 2012. pp. 219-316

[37] Millette JR. Procedure for the analysis of talc for asbestos. The Microscope. 2015;**63**:11-20

[38] Roggli VL, Pratt PC. Chapter 4: Asbestosis. In: Roggli VL, Greenberg SD, Pratt PC, editors. Pathology of Asbestos-Associated Diseases. Boston, Massachusetts: Little Brown & Co;

[39] Langer AM, Selikoff IJ, Sastre A. Chrysotile asbestos in the lungs of persons in New York City. Archives of Environmental Health. 1971;**22**:348-361

2012;**56**(6):645-659

1989;**50**:613-622

1971;**50**:395-402

1992. pp. 77-108

1977

*Analytic Analyses of Human Tissues for the Presence of Asbestos and Talc DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83656*

Definitions and Identification-Characterization. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8751. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior; 1977

*Electron Microscopy - Novel Microscopy Trends*

Asbestiform amphiboles minerals in cosmetic talc. In: Cosmetic Ingredients Test Methods. Washington D.C.: Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance

test method for wipe sampling of surfaces, indirect preparation, and analysis for asbestos structure number concentration by transmission electron microscopy. West Conshohocken, PA:

ASTM International; 1999

[26] International Standards

microscopy procedure. 1995

[27] International Standards Organization. ISO 13794, Ambient air: Determination of asbestos

microscopy method. 1999

2003-2004:6251-6298

#68-02-3266; 1984

pp. 1065-1069

1985;**46**(4):197-201

Organization. ISO 10312, Ambient air: Determination of asbestos fibres— Direct-transfer transmission electron

fibers—Indirect transmission electron

[28] Su S-C. d-Spacing and interfacial angle table for indexing zone-axis patterns of amphibole asbestos minerals obtained by selected area electron diffraction in transmission electron microscope. American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM).

[29] Yamate G, Agarwall SC, Gibbons RD. Methodology for the measurement of airborne asbestos by electron

microscopy. EPA Draft Report Contract

[30] Wylie AG. Discriminating amphibole cleavage fragments from asbestos: Rationale and methodology. In: Proceedings of the VIIth: International Pneumoconioses Conference: Exposure Assessment and Control Asbestos. 1990.

[31] Wylie AG, Virta RL, Russek E. Characterizing and discriminating airborne amphibole cleavage fragments and amosite fibers: Implications for the NIOSH method. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

[32] Campbell WJ, Blake RL, Brown LL. Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties, Mineralogical

[19] U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention. Official USP 5/1/09-7/31/09 Monographs:

Talc, Absence of Asbestos; 2009

Protection Agency. Test Method EPA/600/R-93/116—Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk

[21] Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA). Appendix A to Subpart E—Interim transmission electron microscopy analytical methods, U.S. EPA, 40 CFR part 763, Asbestoscontaining materials in schools, final rule and notice. Federal Register. 1987;**52**(210):41857-41894

[22] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D6281-09, standard test method for airborne asbestos concentration in ambient and indoor atmospheres as determined by transmission electron microscopy direct transfer. West Conshohocken, PA:

ASTM International; 2009

[23] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D5755, standard test method for microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis of dust by transmission

[24] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D5756, standard test method for microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis of dust by transmission electron microscopy for asbestos mass surface loading. West Conshohocken,

[25] American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D6480, standard

PA: ASTM International; 1998

electron microscopy for asbestos structure number surface loading. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM

International; 2011

Association; 1990. pp. 1-6

[20] U.S. Environmental

Building Materials; 1993

**86**

[33] Harper M, Lee EG, Slaven JE, Bartley DL. An inter-laboratory study to determine the effectiveness of procedures for discriminating amphibole asbestos fibers from amphibole cleavage fragments in fiber counting by phase-contrast microscopy. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2012;**56**(6):645-659

[34] Kelse JW, Thompson CS. The regulatory and mineralogical definitions of asbestos and their impact on amphibole dust analysis. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1989;**50**:613-622

[35] Miller A, Teirstein AS, Bader ME, Bader RA, Selikoff IJ. Talc pneumoconiosis. Significance of sublight microscopic mineral particles. American Journal of Medicine. 1971;**50**:395-402

[36] Volume 100C. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyons, France: World Health Organization; 2012. pp. 219-316

[37] Millette JR. Procedure for the analysis of talc for asbestos. The Microscope. 2015;**63**:11-20

[38] Roggli VL, Pratt PC. Chapter 4: Asbestosis. In: Roggli VL, Greenberg SD, Pratt PC, editors. Pathology of Asbestos-Associated Diseases. Boston, Massachusetts: Little Brown & Co; 1992. pp. 77-108

[39] Langer AM, Selikoff IJ, Sastre A. Chrysotile asbestos in the lungs of persons in New York City. Archives of Environmental Health. 1971;**22**:348-361

## *Edited by Masashi Arita and Norihito Sakaguchi*

TEM and SEM have contributed greatly to the progress of various research fields, which has been accelerated in the last few decades by highly functional electron microscopes and microscopy. In this tide of microscopy, various microscopic methods have been developed to make clear many unsolved problems, e.g. pulse beam TEM, environmental microscopy, correlative microscopy, etc. In this book, a number of reviews have been collected concerning these subjects. We think that the content in each chapter is impressive, and we hope this book will contribute to future advances in electron microscopy, materials science, and biomedicine.

Published in London, UK © 2019 IntechOpen © hooky13 / iStock

Electron Microscopy - Novel Microscopy Trends

Electron Microscopy

Novel Microscopy Trends

*Edited by Masashi Arita and Norihito Sakaguchi*