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## Meet the editors

Ishaq Ahmad joined the National Centre for Physics in 1999 and currently holds the positions of Director of the Experimental Physics Department, National Centre for Physics (Islamabad) and Co-Director of the NPU-NCP Joint International Research Centre on Advanced Nanomaterials and Defects Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China. He has co-authored over 120 publications in SCI journals and super-

vised several Master, PhD, and Postdoctoral students. He has authored a number of books and book chapters. His research interests are focused on ion implantation, radiation-induced modification of materials/nanomaterials, synthesis of nanomaterials/thin films, and ion beam analysis of materials. He is an editorial board member and reviewer of several well-known journals. He was a TWAS-UNESCO-iThemba LABS Research Associate from 2014 to 2016. He obtained his PhD at the Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.

Fabian Ezema is a Professor at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He obtained a PhD in Physics and Astronomy from the University of Nigeria (UNN), Nsukka in 2000. His research focuses on several areas of Materials Science: synthesis and characterizations of particles and thin film materials on energy and sensing applications. He was a CV Raman Fellow at the Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India in 2011 and an MIF Fellow at the Tokyo

University of Science, Japan in 2013. He is currently a visiting professor to NRS-EMT (MATECSS UNESCO Chair) in Varennes, Quebec, Canada and iThemba Labs, South Africa. He is also a Fellow of UNESCO-UNISA South Africa and the *Chair in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology* (U2ACN2). He has been awarded the UNISA visiting researcher for 12 months to work on perovskite solar cells. He is the team leader of the Nano Research Group at UNN. He is an Acting Director of the International Office of the University of Nigeria. He is the Pioneer Dean of the Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Coal City University, Enugu (on sabbatical leave). With international collaborators from Canada, USA, Japan, South Africa, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, etc, Fabian has published over 140 high impact papers in various national and international journals and has presented over 30 talks at various conferences, workshops, and seminars.

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Humaira Seema*

*by Randhir Singh Bhoria*

Graphene Acoustic Devices

Additives

**Section 2**

**Preface III**

Synthesis of Graphene and Its Derivatives **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 33**

Graphene Applications **49**

**Chapter 4 51**

**Chapter 5 69**

*by Raphael Mmaduka Obodo, Ishaq Ahmad and Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema*

Enhancing Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Graphene in Organic Solvents with

Graphene-Based Heterogeneous Electrodes for Energy Storage

*by Ning Wang, Haixu Wang, Guang Yang, Rong Sun and Ching-Ping Wong*

*by He Tian, Guang-Yang Gou, Fan Wu, Lu-Qi Tao, Yi Yang and Tian-Ling Ren*

Introductory Chapter: Graphene and Its Applications

Water Remediation by G-/GO-Based Photocatalysts

### Contents


Preface

Presently, graphene is widely researched worldwide because of its unique properties, which have led to a wide range of applications. This book provides a brief overview of recent developments in the synthesis methods of graphene and its derivatives as

The review in the first part of the book covers the recent synthesis methods of graphene and its modified derivatives that include graphene oxide (GO), graphene (rGO), graphene-metal nanoparticle composites, graphene-polymer hybrids, and graphene/organic structures for a variety of applications such as catalysts, energy storage/conversion, anti-microbial agents, and as a water decontaminant. Also presented in this section is a unique and advanced technique that is the liquid phase exfoliation method for the synthesis and concentration enhancement of graphene with the addition of certain additives and salts. This method is suitable for the enhancement of the concentration of graphene. This process can be easily scaled up for better performance and efficiency to be used for the fabrication of modern electronic devices.

The final section of this book addresses the most important applications of graphene and its derivatives. Discussed in detail in this book are photocatalytic applications, electronic applications, and the latest graphene-based heterogeneous electrodes for energy storage. In addition, sound devices based on graphene are also

Dr. R . M. Obodo, and Ms. Manuela Gabric, Author Service Manager.

The authors are very thankful and want to acknowledge all those who contributed to this book: Prof. Dr. Seema Humaira, Prof. Dr. Randhir Singh, Prof. Dr. Ning Wang, Prof. Dr. Haixu Wang, Prof. Dr. Guang Yang, Prof. Dr. Rong Sun, Prof. Dr. Ching-Ping Wong, Prof. Dr. He Tian, Prof. Dr. Guang-yang Gou, Prof. Dr. Fan Wu, Prof. Dr. Lu-Qi Tao, Prof. Dr. Yi Yang, Prof. Dr. Tian-Ling Ren,

NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials and

**Ishaq Ahmad**

Defects Engineering, National Centre for Physics,

Islamabad, Pakistan

University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

Coal City University, Enugu State, Nigeria

Department of Physics and Astronomy,

**Fabian I. Ezema** 

well as its applications.

presented in this book.
