IntechOpen Book Series Biomedical Engineering Volume 4

Dr. Hadi Mohammadi received his BSc and MSc degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD degree in Biomedical Engineering (Biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He has been a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at the University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. Regarding his recent work in the area of cardiovascular mechanics and technology,

he achieved a global first in applying the soft robotic concept to the construction of prosthetic heart valves. He designed the "Okanagan valve," the next generation of bileaflet mechanical heart valves. Also, as featured in CBC 2016, he created synthetic heart valves and grafts that could transform training for major cardiovascular surgeries. His team members are industry innovators having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries.

## **Editor of Volume 4: Hadi Mohammadi**

University of British Colombia, Kelowna, Canada

Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is a lecturer at the Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, Institute of Computer Science, University of Silesia, Poland. For 20 years, he has been dealing with analysis and processing of biomedical images with a particular emphasis on the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. He is the author of dozens of papers with

an impact factor (IF) and more than a hundred of other papers as well as the author or coauthor of six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of biomedical engineering.

**Book Series Editor: Robert Koprowski** University of Silesia, Poland

## Scope of the Series

Biomedical engineering is one of the fastest growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has resulted in improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time and better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments or new laboratory techniques are the result of the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of biomedical engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field. **Preface III**

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

**Section 5**

*by Irina Bubnova*

*by Haisheng Yang*

*by Hadi Mohammadi*

Contents

Introductory Chapter: Biomechanics

Biomechanics of Human Blood *by Emily Earl and Hadi Mohammadi*

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Hemodynamics and Blood **11**

**Chapter 2 13**

Analytical Biomechanics **31**

**Chapter 3 33**

Biomechanics of Human Eyes **49**

**Chapter 4 51**

Biomechanics of Connective Tissues **67**

**Chapter 5 69**

An Introduction to Survival Analytics, Types, and Its Applications *by Sheik Abdullah Abbas, Selvakumar Subramanian, Parkavi Ravi,* 

*Suganya Ramamoorthy and Venkatesh Munikrishnan*

Biomechanics of Eye Globe and Methods of Its Study

Multi-Scale Biomechanics of Osteoporotic Spine Fracture

## Contents


### **Chapter 6 87**

Trapeziometacarpal Joint: A Mechanical Explanation of Total Prosthesis Failures *by Victoria Spartacus*

Preface

The purpose of this book is to educate readers who have a background in engineering and science and are familiar with topics such as statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, etc. There is absolutely no need for readers to have a background in anatomy, physiology, or even biology. Every chapter begins with a brief assessment of the related biological background followed by identification and explanation of the necessary features of the associated biome-

Multiple topics such as biomechanics of human blood, orthopedics, and risk analysis have been discussed and analyzed in a variety of applications. Biological processes are amazing in their complexity and optimization. Blood, being no exception, is extremely evolved and adapted to the different scenarios necessary to maintain life. Consisting of plasma, white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells, it is able to transport vital molecules around the body, including oxygen and clots in the case of injury. Since red blood cells make up approximately half the volume of blood, blood flow mechanics are largely related to the properties of red blood cells defined under a soft solid. Large deformability is essential in the life cycle and function of red blood cells as capillaries are extremely small. Blood clotting is a very important function of blood. All these concepts are admirably discussed in one chapter and readers with different backgrounds will follow and learn in an effective

We all know that bone is a hard biological tissue. It is made up of cells located in the bone matrix, which is made up of mainly collagen fibers, amorphous ground constituent, and a mineral phase. The key components of bone mineral are known to be calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. The mineral constituents contain primarily hydroxyapatite crystals and amorphous calcium phosphate. It is very well stablished that bone is the main reservoir for calcium in the human body. It also protects important organs such as heart and liver, provides mechanical stability, and is responsible for locomotion and movement of the human body. Bone structure is known to be hierarchical and is intended to be effectively optimal. Bone implants are considered as medical devices meant to substitute or provide fixation, or to substitute articulating surfaces of a joint. In other words, bone implants are designed to either support or substitute broken or damaged joints and bones. Bone implants are primarily made up of titanium alloys and stainless steel for their strength and are often co-used with a particular polymeric material as artificial cartilage. The main job of these implants is to decrease the stress in the implants and at the articulating surfaces. There are implants that are cemented into place and some that are pressfit, in a way the bone tissue in the vicinity of the implant can grow into the implant, hence, providing more strength and stability. The main aspect that guides bone healing is known as the interfragmentary movement, which regulates tissue strain and therefore the cellular response in the healing zone. The chapters in this area

manner. The same concept applies to other chapters.

discuss comprehensively all these concepts in plain language.

chanics problems.
