Hemodynamics and Blood

**10**

*Biomechanics*

**References**

[1] Mohammadi H, Mequanint K, Herzog W. Computational aspects of mechanical modeling of articular cartilage. IMechE, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 2013;**227**(4):402-420

[2] Mohammadi H, Mequanint K, Herzog W. Multiscale modeling of O2 transport in articular cartilage. Biophysical Journal. 2012;**102**(3):592a

multiscale modeling of wave propagation in arteries. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology.

2015;**16**(2):1650027 (1-10)

Physics. 2011;**33**(2):131-147

2010;**10**(3):157-162

[4] Mohammadi H, Mequanint K. Prosthetic aortic heart valves: Modeling and design. Medical Engineering &

[5] Mohammadi H, Fradet G. Prosthetic aortic heart valves: Review article. Cardiovascular System. 2017;**2**(1). 55p

[6] Haley JP, Mohammadi H, Boughner DR. The effects of hammer pressure on cellular response in a porcine heart valve tissue. Cardiovascular Engineering.

[3] Raustin R, Mohammadi H. Towards

**13**

**2. Blood cells**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

Newtonian fluid.

**1. Introduction**

pulsatile flow, non-Newtonian flow

Biomechanics of Human Blood

**Keywords:** bloodstream, viscosity, hemodynamics, RBC, multiphase flow,

Hematology is known as the study of blood regarding health and disease which revolves around issues with red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, lymph nodes, blood vessels, bone marrow, and the proteins involved in bleeding and clotting. As biomedical engineers, it is especially vital to understand the mechanics of the various components of blood to avoid unwanted results from implantations such as heart valves. A comprehensive review on the biomechanics of blood is discussed in this chapter. We will also discuss that even though human blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, depending on the instance, it can be considered a

Blood is known to be one of the connective tissues in the human body as the blood connects every single cell, tissue, and organ in the body together [1]. All necessary substances are transported through the vascular system. The science of blood flow and the mechanics of blood flow is known as hemodynamics. Hemodynamics is a significant element of cardiovascular mechanics and engineering as it simply clarifies the physical laws that direct the bloodstream within the blood vessels [2]. A considerable number of dysfunctions that occur due to cardiovascular diseases and disorders such as hypertension and congestive heart failure are linked to systemic hemodynamics. For example, clinical studies advocate that local wall shear stress rates and forms moderate the location and the advancement of atherosclerotic plaques.

The shear stress and wall shear stress in the bloodstream throughout the entire cardiovascular system is significantly impacted by the physics and mechanics of the blood. In particular, these values play and important role in the design and development of medical devices for cardiovascular applications. In the area of cardiovascular engineering and technology and medical devices, hemodynamics and the mechanics of blood are undisputedly vital to be well understood and considered.

The major components of blood are considered to be plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. The liquid component of the blood, known as plasma, is made up of water, salt, sugar, fat, and protein and is responsible for transportation of blood cells throughout the body. Antibodies, oxygen, waste products, chemical messengers such as hormones and proteins, and clotting proteins are also transported throughout

*Emily Earl and Hadi Mohammadi*

### **Chapter 2**
