**16. References**


However, there is clear evidence that the pregnancy rate in an insemination program is lower in women with endometriosis than in women with unexplained infertility. (127, 128) More recent studies that reported a normal fertilization rate but a reduced implantation rate per embryo transferred in women obtaining oocytes from donors with endometriosis (129, 130). This reduced implantation rate could be related to increased interleukin-6 levels in follicular fluid of women with endometriosis when compared with

Endometriosis tends to recur unless definitive surgery is performed. The recurrence rate is about 5% to 20% per year, reaching a cumulative rate of 40% after 5 years. Liu and coworkers found an approximately 15-percent rate of recurrence at 2 years following initial surgery. Pain recurs within 5 years in about one in five patients with pelvic pain treated by

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**2** 

*Iran* 

**Urinary Tract Endometriosis** 

Aliasghar Yarmohamadi and Nasser Mogharabian

*Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,* 

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functional endometrial tissue in an ectopic site (outside of the uterus). Although endometriosis is usually confined to the ovaries, uterosacral ligaments, and cul-de-sac, it has been documented in almost every organ system

Endometriosis was first described by Russel in 1955. Endometriosis is a common disorder of the female reproductive organs and is the leading cause of chronic pelvic pain in women.

It is one of the most complex and least understood diseases in their field and, despite many

There is no relationship of endometriosis to race or socioeconomic status but it has a strong familial link. If sister or mother of a woman has the condition, then she is approximately five

Because ovarian function is necessary for the development and maintenance endometrial implants, endometriosis has been reported only in the reproductive ages and so, is normally not seen before age 15 or after menopause. Endometriosis is most common in women between the ages of 25 and 35. However, after menopause, there are two factors which may promote or maintain endometriosis. One is the use of estrogen replacement

There have been several case reports of histological endometriosis in men , all of them in the prostate. These have occurred all in men with cancer of the prostate who were undergoing

The prevalence of endometriosis in specific categories of patients has been reported (Table.1), but the prevalence in the general population is not definitely known because a majority of patients are asymptomatic. It is estimated that affect 10% to 20% of women of reproductive age, with a peak incidence in the mid-20s. However, in women with severe menstrual cramps, the incidence of endometriosis has been reported to be between 25 and

Although endometriosis is a benign condition but it may have an aggressive clinical behaviour. Many women with urinary tract endometriosis have few or no symptoms. Some present with infertility. Other manifestations include urgency, frequency, pain on passing urine, pain in the flank or the back region or recurrent urinary tract infections. Some women

therapy and the other is the presence of high endogenous estrogen in obese patients.

theories, we still do not have a clear understanding of its causes.

to six times more likely to develop it.

high-dose estrogen therapy.

35 percent.

**1. Introduction** 

in the body.

