**5. References**


endometriosis can be induced by transplanting endometrial tissue to ectopic sites, and the establishment of an experimental model of endometriosis may be a good way to study the endometriosis angiogenesis process, and allow evaluation of the balance of the many factors

This study by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) gene in Han chinese and Uyghurs with endometriosis group are down-regulated, GAPD genes are housekeeping gene family, Gene bank No. NM-002046, is a basic enzyme in the human body.It is a key enzyme of a series of biochemical reactions of the glycolysis, which generate ATP for the source of human cells energy, a variety of cells are present in the body, involved in glucose

In Han and Uyghur groups the same set of common up-regulated genes are GNGS, VIM and PRS23. Abundance or localization changes in endometrial tissue were validated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. In addition, multiple charge and size isoforms were observed for VIM in endometriosis patients that was below the level of detection in

Our experiment confirmed endometriosis may be related to multiple factors similar as diabetes, asthma, cancer-related disease, genetics and aberrant regulation in the endometrium and endometriotic. Lower different genes expression on Uyghur women with endometriosis compared to Han Chinese women with endometriosis may be the essential factor for relatively lower incidence of endometriosis on Uyghur women. Most genes we found on the endometrium of both Uyghur and Han Chinese women with endometriosis were the cytoskeleton, adhesion, invaded and immune related gene,patially explained the

[1] O Down MJ, Philipp EE. The history of obstetrics and gynecology. New York: The

[2] Jinghe Lang. The new progress on endometriosis research, Chinese journal of obstetrics

[3] Stephen K, Simon B, Daniel EW. Genetics and infertility Ⅱ affected sib-pair analysis in

[4] Eskenazi B, Warner ML. Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am,

[5] Zondervan KT. The genetic basis of endometriosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,

[6] Qiaozhi Lin, Baozheng Wu .Endometriosis. Qiaozhi Lin's gynecology oncology. Beijin,

[7] Eskenazi B, Warner ML. Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am,

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**5. References** 

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**20** 

*USA* 

Victor Chaban

**Primary Afferent Nociceptors and Visceral Pain** 

Patients with chronic pelvic pain frequently have pain from several pelvic organs. The most common diagnoses include endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, irritable bowel disease, pelvic floor tension myalgia, vulvar vestibulitis, and vulvodynia. Frequently, pain does not correlate with pathologic findings at the time of laparoscopy in the case of endometriosis, while vulvodynia, irritable bowel syndrome and pelvic floor tension myalgia and neuropathy may have no clearly demonstrable pathologic tissue changes. Most diagnoses associated with chronic pelvic pain have a high rate of recurrence and all are considered to be chronic conditions with a relapsing course. Endometriosis is a complex, poorly understood chronic illness of women in their reproductive age and pain is the major concern of women with this disease. Despite a successful reduction of pain using during the novel treatments pain returns in up to 75% of treated women. Pain is strongly associated with this disease and the lack of awareness to its pathology is further illustrated by the fact that the average time duration between the onset of pain and the diagnosis of endometriosis is 3 to 11 years despite the fact that 25-30% of women with chronic pelvic pain suffer from this disease. In women with endometriosis (mainly of reproductive age) alterations in the limbic and sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mediate a cycle of hypervigilance for pain sensations from pelvic organs, which can lead to descending induction of pathologic changes in pelvic organs. Chronic pelvic pain patients frequently have multiple diagnoses. Vicero-somatic and viscero-viseral hyperalgesia and allodynia result in the spread of a perception of pain from an initial site to adjacent areas. Chronic pelvic pain patients may initially have only one pain source in the pelvis, such as the uterus in dysmenorrhea or endometriosis implants, but a multitude of mechanisms involving the peripheral and central nervous system can lead to the development of painful sensations from other adjacent organs. Often the etiology of visceral pain is not clear, as there are many symptoms of the reproductive system, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, musculoskeletal, neurological and psychological systems that often co-occur in the same patient. The variation of pain symptoms and pain perception and behavioral responses to pain in these patients is poorly understood. The treating clinician is often tempted to take a unidimensional approach and focus on one organ system and ignore the psychological and

The incidence of persistent, episodic, or chronic visceral pain are more prevalent in females thus defining the site(s) and mechanisms through which female steroid hormones modulate

**1. Introduction** 

behavioral manifestations of the chronic pain.

*Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science and* 

*University of California, Los Angeles,* 

