Gas Chromatography in Food Authentication DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88512

different time intervals. There was only one paper found in the literature that deals with differentiation of meat according to the breed origin. The PCA was successfully applied to discriminate between samples of pork, chicken, beef and mutton meat. Table 6 represents a chronological list of examples of authentication and adulteration detection procedures of various types of meat, fish and seafood.


#### Table 6.

analysis. Table 4 chronologically lists some literature examples on authentication and adulteration procedures of various fruit species and fruit-made juices.

Gas Chromatography - Derivatization, Sample Preparation, Application

Cereals, pseudocereals, flours and bread, as mostly used bakery products in human nutrition, are usually differentiated according to varietal, botanical or geographical origin by combining GC analysis with chemometric processing of the obtained data. The chemical compounds that have the role of discriminating factors usually involve small molecules, such as simple soluble sugars and free fatty acids. Chemometric methods involve most often exploratory data analysis techniques, such as PCA, PCO and HCA, but in some cases also classification methods of LDA and QDA were applied to measure the classification and prediction abilities. Table 5 chronologically lists some literature examples of authentication and adulteration detection practices of cereals, flour and the most commonly used bakery product in

The studies of authenticity of seafood and meat products using a GC technique

technique

Chemometric technique

QDA

GC-MS — [121]

GC-FID PLS-DA [122]

HCA, PCA

GC-MS HCA, PCO [125]

GC-MS HCA, PCA [126]

HCA, PCA

GC-MS HCA, PCO

Ref.

[120]

[123] [124]

[127] [128]

usually focus on the determination of freshness of a seafood or meat product. Chemometric techniques, such as PCA, were able to successfully discriminate between fresh samples, deteriorated samples and gradually decaying samples of seafood, and ANN were employed in order to classify samples of fresh meat, frozen-thawed meat and spoiled meat. The PCA of gas chemometric fingerprints was able to show separation not only between oyster species but also between oysters originating from different cultivation areas, as well as oysters harvested at

Purpose of the study Analytical

Differentiation between hexaploid (T. aestivum,T. spelta) and

Classifications of cereals (wheat and corn) used in DDGS

Differentiation of corn and small grain flour (wheat, rye,

Differentiation of corn and oat flour, from other small grains

Differentiation of flours of corn, spelt, buckwheat, amaranth and small grains (wheat, rye, triticale, oats, barley)

The content of buckwheat flour in wheat bread GC-MS HCA

Literature examples of authentication and adulteration detection procedures of cereals, flour and bakery

tetraploid (T. durum,T. dicoccon) wheats

material by geographical and botanical origin

Differentiation between Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum GC-FID PCA, LDA,

2.5 Cereals and bakery products

human nutrition-bread.

Cereals

Flour

Table 5.

products.

116

triticale, barley, oats)

Bakery products

(wheat, barley, triticale, rye)

2.6 Meat, fish and seafood

Literature examples of authentication and adulteration detection procedures of meat products and seafood.


Table 7.

Literature examples of authentication and adulteration detection procedures of coffee and tea.
