2. Background of approaches to the assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure

At present, there is no unified approach to the assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure and their impact on the environment caused by various factors. The existing global and regional concepts on the rules for assessing the sustainability of coastal systems and their impact on the environment are a common set of rules, on the basis of which national and/or local regulatory documents are developed, which reflect the regional characteristics of coastal zones and coastal infrastructure [9].

In different countries, there are different approaches to the valuation and assessment of the sustainability of the coastal zone and located infrastructure and of their impact on the environment. In general, all the countries can be divided by Australia and New Zealand, the USA and Canada, and the European Union.

The Australian approach is oriented for maintaining the quality of the coastal zone and the environment and prevents its violation. In the US, the priority is the principle of the lack of wishes to violate the norms. In these countries, the assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure is based on the fact that any changes require a permit for the conduct of coastal works, which set out all the necessary parameters and conditions.

The European Union framework directives give only general provisions on water quality, soil quality, coastal zone in General and environmental impact, while numerical values are set by the EU countries themselves. Thus, within the EU, there are no uniform standards adopted, and most countries are subject to international agreements such as HELCOM, which is more regional, with detailed methods for assessing the sustainability of the coastal zone and its infrastructure, and their impact on the environment.

Common to all countries are the recommendations of national and/or framework laws, regulations, and existing methods for assessing the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure. On this basis, they develop their regional/territorial regulatory methodologies to reflect the characteristics of the region in order to reduce the negative impact on the coastal zone and the environment as a whole.

The basic principles of such assessment systems, based on international experience, include [10] the following:


commodity flows passing through the high-latitude transport and communication routes of the Arctic. The full-scale development of mineral and energy resources of the richest Arctic continental shelf begins, which is due to the depletion of mineral resources of the continental part of the Earth and directly affects the structure of the world's energy supply. In the near future, according to the scenario forecasts of the UN World Food Organization, there will be a sharp jump in demand for marine industrial fishery products, in the production of which the Arctic region plays a significant role. The global climate-forming function of the Arctic Ocean and its importance in ecosystem dynamics encourage to intensify fundamental research of its

nature. Arctic states are actively developing tourism and recreational business [1–5].

development of the Arctic zone [6–8].

80 Sustainability Assessment and Reporting

zones and coastal infrastructure [9].

and Canada, and the European Union.

and their impact on the environment.

coastal systems and infrastructure

Thus, it becomes important to solve the problem of developing the scientific basis for a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and coastal infrastructure in order to implement the tasks of territorial planning and the analysis of socioeconomic

2. Background of approaches to the assessment of the sustainability of

At present, there is no unified approach to the assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure and their impact on the environment caused by various factors. The existing global and regional concepts on the rules for assessing the sustainability of coastal systems and their impact on the environment are a common set of rules, on the basis of which national and/or local regulatory documents are developed, which reflect the regional characteristics of coastal

In different countries, there are different approaches to the valuation and assessment of the sustainability of the coastal zone and located infrastructure and of their impact on the environment. In general, all the countries can be divided by Australia and New Zealand, the USA

The Australian approach is oriented for maintaining the quality of the coastal zone and the environment and prevents its violation. In the US, the priority is the principle of the lack of wishes to violate the norms. In these countries, the assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure is based on the fact that any changes require a permit for the

The European Union framework directives give only general provisions on water quality, soil quality, coastal zone in General and environmental impact, while numerical values are set by the EU countries themselves. Thus, within the EU, there are no uniform standards adopted, and most countries are subject to international agreements such as HELCOM, which is more regional, with detailed methods for assessing the sustainability of the coastal zone and its infrastructure,

Common to all countries are the recommendations of national and/or framework laws, regulations, and existing methods for assessing the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure.

conduct of coastal works, which set out all the necessary parameters and conditions.

• the principle of particularly valuable biotopes.

Modern trends of harmonization of economy and ecology in order to overcome the global environmental crisis require not only to ensure the ecological and economic security of the territory and society but also effective diagnosis, allowing timely and in the required range to identify the problem areas of regional ecological and economic systems, preventing their bringing to the state of pathology and degradation of the entire system or its individual elements.

In the modern world, one of the most important functions of effective management of the development of the region is to assess the level of comprehensive socioeconomic and environmental development of the territory, based on a system of indicators. In other words, indicative planning is an integral part of regional development. Although the scientific foundations of indicative planning were developed in the 1920s, they have not yet found real practical application in Russia [9]. Nevertheless, it should be noted that recently in Russia, the role of indicative planning in regional management is growing rapidly.

The need to develop indicators to assess the state of the state and the direction of its comprehensive development was formulated in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. This is noted in one of the main documents, Agenda 21, Chapter 40, that in order to create a reliable basis for decision making at all levels and to help alleviate the self-regulating sustainability of integrated environmental systems and systems development, it is necessary to develop indicators of sustainable development [11]. Thus, the global interest in the sustainable development of territories necessitates a comprehensive analysis and assessment of all components and indicators that determine the comprehensive sustainable development.

One of the problems solved by the scientific community today is the development of universal indicators assessing the comprehensive components of sustainable development of territories, including environmental, geographical, socioeconomic, and other parameters of development. However, there is still a lack of consensus on the assessment of the sustainability of the development of the territories. In addition, due to methodological and statistical problems, individual characteristics of different territories, the world-recognized comprehensive index does not exist yet [7, 12, 13].

A prerequisite for the assessment of the integrated sustainability of regional development is a comprehensive analysis of data at all levels of the national economic system: inter-country, national, regional (e.g., subjects of the Russian Federation), and local (local municipalities). This procedure concerns both the development of a system of indicators for assessing the sustainability of territorial development and their monitoring [14].

3. Methodology and concept for comprehensive assessment of coastal

The main purpose of the methodology for the comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and coastal infrastructure of different spatial levels is to identify the conditions for the stability and formation of the potential of the functioning and development of coastal infrastructure of coastal areas as territorial systems of different spatial levels, as well as

Comprehensive Assessment of the Sustainability of Coastal Systems of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78970

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The methodology of comprehensive assessment of coastal systems and coastal infrastructure

• identification and study of factors of territorial organization of nature and society within

• study of the structure and functional dependencies between components (factors, indicators, and indexes) of stability, which explain the nature of intra-system links, forming an assessment of the sustainability of the considered coastal system and coastal infrastructure and its variability, both within the system and between the system and the

• obtaining a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of coastal systems and coastal infrastructure as an assessment of the sustainability of the operation and economic devel-

• regionalization, zoning, and typology of coastal systems as territorial systems of different

• development of principles of strategic development of coastal systems and coastal infra-

The methodology of assessment and analysis of the components of the sustainability factors of

• obtain reliable data on the state of coastal systems and infrastructure at various spatial

• provide persons and organizations making decisions with the information necessary for the prospective assessment of living conditions of the population and placement of com-

• to develop strategic development plans for coastal systems of different spatial levels; and • to make forecasts of the interaction of society and the nature, including an optimum variant of the placement of productive forces and the forecast of a condition of coastal

• scientific substantiation of coastal territorial systems and infrastructure management.

coastal systems and coastal infrastructure for different spatial levels can allow

sustainability and analysis of its components can be used for the following tasks [18]:

systems and infrastructure sustainability

opment under the influence of various factors;

structure for a certain period of time; and

ponents of the economic coastal complex;

systems depending on the scenario of development.

their interaction with the environment.

coastal systems;

environment;

spatial levels;

levels;

Nevertheless, it should be noted that currently both Russian and foreign scientists are trying to create a methodology for the indicator assessment of development sustainability, which takes into account the impact of economic, social, and environmental factors, which proves the relevance of the problem of creating a methodology for assessing the sustainability of regional socioeconomic and environmental systems. The main requirements to the system of indicators of sustainable development of regional socioeconomic systems, taking into account the characteristics of the regions, acting as the basis for building a system of indicators for assessing the sustainability of regional systems, are the following [7, 15, 16]:


However, indicators are


The indicator is the most applicable to the process of regional management, the totality of which are index, which are the basis of ecological and economic modeling of the territory development process.

The harmonious combination of indicators assessing the quality of the population, the natural environment, the regional business, and environmental policy will avoid the result of the "system degrades," as the timely detection of intermediate States is an important condition for effective environmental and economic modeling of the territory's development process [17].

In general, on the basis of Russian and international experience in assessing the sustainability of coastal systems and coastal infrastructure, in applying to the tasks of territorial planning, it is necessary to take into account the need to use a multilevel system for assessing the sustainability of coastal systems and infrastructure.
