**4. Disaster mitigation model based on local wisdom**

so that people avoid the eruption disaster. This ritual is a cultural framework that reflects the

The wisdom of the people around Kelud is also visible from the house building designed to minimize the impact of the eruption disaster. Various types of houses are built with small size and have a sturdy pole and a tapered roof (less than 45°) (**Figure 8**). This is done with the consideration of volcanic ash will more easily fall to the ground, so that the house does not become collapsed due to support a load of ash erupted. In addition, the community uses roof tile from clay. They believe that the clay is more weather resistant both in the rainy season and drought and more environmentally friendly. The use of clay tile is very suitable for settlement in the mountains because it can stabilize the temperature inside the house so it remains warm and comfortable.

The ability of communities around the volcano in the face of the eruption disaster becomes a model that can be developed in different regions with the same geological background. Differences in social, cultural and economic factors play an important role in the ability of communities to understand disasters and how they cope with disaster risks [51]. Like the Tenggerese people of the Bromo Mountains, they have five cultural adaptations that enable them to survive in the mountainous areas of resilience and high ability to return to their original state, attachment to place and knowledge of danger, the source of social and moral

Compliance with the traditions and beliefs against the signs of nature helps the people to save themselves from the dangers of an eruption. But the traditions of the people and the signs of nature have not been studied scientifically, so that they cannot be understood by the wider community. Although people have an indigenous knowledge and use it daily, they are not

The natural environment around the volcano determines the natural conditions for animals and plants in it. This illustrates the importance of preserving the environment. At a time when the environment is disturbed, the animals and plants can longer serve as a messenger

**Figure 8.** The changes of residential model around mount Kelud. (a) Joglo-shaped roof commonly called the "Tuo"

building form and (b) the roof of a cone-shaped house is commonly called the "Enom.".

social structure and provides a sense of security like their ancestors [51].

order, and catalyst for the process of change [33].

158 Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction

aware that it can be used to reduce disaster risk [52].

The decreasing number of deaths due to eruption from year to year show the disaster management techniques carried out by the government through the National Disaster Management Agency or Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) are better, although not balanced with the level of public awareness in maintaining the environment as an effort to minimize the disaster risk. The high environmental damage caused by some people who are not responsible to be one of the factors triggers the high risk of geological disasters in Indonesia. The low public awareness of the dangers of eruption is a serious concern as a matter to be solved. Not only the responsibility of the government, but also the entire community. All government, non-governmental and international organizations have responsibilities in disaster recovery programs with mutual cooperation between them and the community [55].

Dealing with eruption problems, the government selected effective measures, such as land use arrangements, lava control systems, development of monitoring and early warning systems, evacuation plans, relocation of the population and education and community preparedness programs [4]. By synergizing local wisdom and government programs, disaster mitigation plans can be well implemented.

Disaster mitigation is an effort by the government and the community as an action to minimize disaster risk. This is because volcanic hazards can cause total destruction of the path through which pyroclastic material flows, so that communities must be temporarily displaced. However, the implementation of mitigation is not as easy as imagined. Not all communities living around the volcano are willing to be evacuated even though disaster early warning has been submitted by the government.

Often people do not understand the geological information presented by the government, but the public better understands the environmental changes of the natural signs. This fact reinforces the need to integrate geological information and local wisdom in making accurate decisions to face of natural disasters. Successful experience in dealing with earthquake and tsunami disaster for Simeulue-Aceh community proves that local wisdom is very important in minimizing disaster risk. They have a way of responding to disaster challenges through traditional communication tools, construction methods and residential planning, and traditional ceremonies [56].

Based on the results of field studies that have been conducted on communities around Mount Kelud associated with disaster mitigation measures, 36.36% said they chose to be evacuated. This means no less than 60% of people still choose to live in the area of disaster eruption. In the vicinity of volcanoes, innovation in disaster mitigation models is required by incorporating local wisdom in it. This needs to be done so that mitigation and recovery process can be quick and easy [56].

**Figure 9** is a model of a local wisdom-based disaster mitigation plan implemented in the village of Pelem Sari Yogyakarta. This model integrates the local wisdom in responding to Merapi eruption disaster and very interesting to discuss. Based on the picture, local wisdom serves as a traditional signal when the eruption does not suddenly erupt. There are conditions that have not been able to be completed especially at the time of Mount Merapi erupted suddenly and accompanied by a dangerous eruption. In these circumstances, the main priority is the safety of the population and necessary hard efforts from the government to take a quick decision for evacuating people immediately and leave dangerous areas to get to the safest location as quickly as possible.

Related to the development of volcanic disaster mitigation model, we can learn from Maori indigenous people by integrating local, science and art. They have three important steps: (1) communication understanding of geological and volcanic processes from different perspectives, (2) optimizing local communities living around the volcano to improve preparedness, and (3) develop learning tools for current and future generations that can be used in various community levels [49].

science and the natural sciences [28]. The integration of local knowledge and ethno-science approaches into a contemporary framework for the conservation and sustainability of natural resource management will be increasingly important at both national and international levels,

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**Figure 9.** A model of a mitigation plan that integrates local wisdom in the Pelem Sari village Yogyakarta [36].

Success in disaster mitigation is strongly influenced by the experience and local knowledge of communities in the face of disasters [58]. Community knowledge is acquired from within and outside the community as a way of dealing with problems [50]. The ways in which the community represents knowledge in dealing with disasters become the local wisdom of the local community. The integration of traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge will get an overview of how to engage communities in vulnerability and risk management [57]. Natural environment around the Kelud Mountain determine the natural conditions for animals and plants in it. This illustrates the importance of preserving the environment. At a time the environment is disturbed, the animals and plants can no longer serve as a messenger of nature

especially in developing countries [54].

against the disaster.

There are four approaches to consider in assisting communities in reducing disaster risk based on local wisdom, including (1) understanding, communicating and managing vulnerabilities and risks and perceptions of local communities about risks and vulnerabilities that come to threaten the life of the community in the future, (2) maximizing community benefits about volcanic environments, especially during rest periods without increasing vulnerability, (3) managing crises, and (4) managing settlements after the crisis [57].

Reducing disaster risks related to efforts to improve community resilience that can be implemented through the preparation of disaster mitigation plans [32]. A comprehensive system of risk management and preventive measurement is essential in order to reduce potential losses from disasters [39]. Reducing disaster risk requires an integrated approach between social Disaster Mitigation Model of Eruption Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79217 161

communities living around the volcano are willing to be evacuated even though disaster

Often people do not understand the geological information presented by the government, but the public better understands the environmental changes of the natural signs. This fact reinforces the need to integrate geological information and local wisdom in making accurate decisions to face of natural disasters. Successful experience in dealing with earthquake and tsunami disaster for Simeulue-Aceh community proves that local wisdom is very important in minimizing disaster risk. They have a way of responding to disaster challenges through traditional communication tools, construction methods and residential planning, and tradi-

Based on the results of field studies that have been conducted on communities around Mount Kelud associated with disaster mitigation measures, 36.36% said they chose to be evacuated. This means no less than 60% of people still choose to live in the area of disaster eruption. In the vicinity of volcanoes, innovation in disaster mitigation models is required by incorporating local wisdom in it. This needs to be done so that mitigation and recovery process can be

**Figure 9** is a model of a local wisdom-based disaster mitigation plan implemented in the village of Pelem Sari Yogyakarta. This model integrates the local wisdom in responding to Merapi eruption disaster and very interesting to discuss. Based on the picture, local wisdom serves as a traditional signal when the eruption does not suddenly erupt. There are conditions that have not been able to be completed especially at the time of Mount Merapi erupted suddenly and accompanied by a dangerous eruption. In these circumstances, the main priority is the safety of the population and necessary hard efforts from the government to take a quick decision for evacuating people immediately and leave dangerous areas to get to the safest

Related to the development of volcanic disaster mitigation model, we can learn from Maori indigenous people by integrating local, science and art. They have three important steps: (1) communication understanding of geological and volcanic processes from different perspectives, (2) optimizing local communities living around the volcano to improve preparedness, and (3) develop learning tools for current and future generations that can be used in

There are four approaches to consider in assisting communities in reducing disaster risk based on local wisdom, including (1) understanding, communicating and managing vulnerabilities and risks and perceptions of local communities about risks and vulnerabilities that come to threaten the life of the community in the future, (2) maximizing community benefits about volcanic environments, especially during rest periods without increasing vulnerability,

Reducing disaster risks related to efforts to improve community resilience that can be implemented through the preparation of disaster mitigation plans [32]. A comprehensive system of risk management and preventive measurement is essential in order to reduce potential losses from disasters [39]. Reducing disaster risk requires an integrated approach between social

(3) managing crises, and (4) managing settlements after the crisis [57].

early warning has been submitted by the government.

160 Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction

tional ceremonies [56].

quick and easy [56].

location as quickly as possible.

various community levels [49].

**Figure 9.** A model of a mitigation plan that integrates local wisdom in the Pelem Sari village Yogyakarta [36].

science and the natural sciences [28]. The integration of local knowledge and ethno-science approaches into a contemporary framework for the conservation and sustainability of natural resource management will be increasingly important at both national and international levels, especially in developing countries [54].

Success in disaster mitigation is strongly influenced by the experience and local knowledge of communities in the face of disasters [58]. Community knowledge is acquired from within and outside the community as a way of dealing with problems [50]. The ways in which the community represents knowledge in dealing with disasters become the local wisdom of the local community. The integration of traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge will get an overview of how to engage communities in vulnerability and risk management [57]. Natural environment around the Kelud Mountain determine the natural conditions for animals and plants in it. This illustrates the importance of preserving the environment. At a time the environment is disturbed, the animals and plants can no longer serve as a messenger of nature against the disaster.

Technology is not the only tool capable of ensuring the safety of people around the mountain, but technology needs to be supported with the local knowledge of people who have more experience related to the surrounding environmental conditions. This became a recommendation in developing a model of volcanic disaster mitigation although in the millennial era. The combination of traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge resulted in a new pattern in addressing disaster challenges and making communities more actively involved in disaster risk management [57].

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