Preface

**Section 3 Climate Change and Reconstruction of Natural**

Chapter 6 **Towards the Reduction of Vulnerabilities and Risks of Climate Change in the Community-Based Tourism, Namibia 87**

Chapter 7 **Using the Monoplotting Technique for Documenting and Analyzing Natural Hazard Events 107**

Chapter 8 **Tsunami Hazard Assessment for the Hokuriku Region, Japan:**

Michihiro Ohori, Yuri Masukawa and Keisuke Kojima

Chapter 9 **Disaster Mitigation Model of Eruption Based on Local Wisdom**

**Toward Disaster Mitigation for Future Earthquakes 127**

**Section 4 Tsunamis and Volcanoes: Preventive Education and**

Eko Hariyono and Solaiman Liliasari

Selma Lendelvo, Margaret N. Angula, Immaculate Mogotsi and Karl

Conedera Marco, Bozzini Claudio, Ryter Ueli, Bertschinger Thalia

**Hazard Events 85**

Aribeb

**VI** Contents

and Krebs Patrik

**Training 125**

**in Indonesia 149**

At a time when human and material losses caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, and wildfires, are intensifying throughout the world, it is imperative to evaluate these events to mitigate the social, economic and envi‐ ronmental damage that they cause.

It is also of paramount importance to raise awareness of hazards, develop possible actions, procedures, and measures to curb the growing number of increasingly devastating events, and reduce vulnerability; and for that there are no borders.

It is something to bear in mind that natural hazards occur in all parts of the world across different time and area scales, although some regions are more vulnerable to certain hazards than others. Earthquakes, tsunamis, flash floods, landslides, and avalanches are short-lived, violent events, affecting in general relatively small regions. Others, such as prolonged rain‐ fall, lead to floods lasting for weeks or months. Still others, such as droughts, develop slow‐ ly, but can affect entire countries for months or even years. In addition, a single-type disaster may develop into a compound disaster, as may be the case under extreme continu‐ ous rainfall conditions, for example.

According to the European Environment Agency (EEA) Technical Report No. 13/2010, be‐ tween 1998 and 2009 a total of 928 natural hazards and technological accidents recorded in Europe caused nearly 100,000 fatalities and, overall, a loss of about EUR 150 billion in the 32 EEA member countries.

Based on data from the Swisse Re Institute (http://www.sigma-explorer.com/) on global dis‐ asters from 1970 to 2017, collected in May 2018, the following graphs show the increase in the number of events and growth in economic loss. It seems clear from these trends that the world should prepare for greater losses in the future.

In addition to the increase in the number of disasters and economic loss, the growing trend in greenhouse gas emissions (to say nothing of its current value) and the consequent in‐ crease in the global temperature of our planet make it difficult to reverse the trends shown in those graphs, as many studies have shown. We must also keep in mind that human liveli‐ hoods will be affected by the chain effects of climate change, which will inevitably lead to irreversible conditions of unsustainability, especially in the second half of this century.

Therefore, on the one hand, it is urgent and essential to predict, plan, and reduce disaster risks to more effectively protect people, communities, and countries, as well as people's live‐ lihoods, health, cultural heritage, socioeconomic assets, and ecosystems, and thus strengthen their resilience.

However, while some progress has been made towards increasing resilience and reducing loss and damage, a substantial reduction in disaster risk requires perseverance and persis‐ tence, with a more explicit focus on people and their livelihoods, and regular monitoring. Preventing new disaster risks and reducing existing disaster risks through the implementa‐ tion of integrated economic, structural, legal, social, cultural, educational, environmental,

• the prevention and reduction of exposure to hazards and vulnerability to disasters; • an increase in readiness for response and recovery, and thus an increase in resilience.

This book presents case studies and discusses concepts, methods, and techniques to assess risks and vulnerabilities relating to a wide range of natural events: floods, droughts, ava‐ lanches, rockslides, landslides, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanoes. Selected chapters, which were identified as offering meaningful information and scientific knowledge, under‐

The book consists of nine chapters: five on flood events addressing vulnerabilities, risk as‐ sessments, impacts, sensitivity analyses, and mitigation measures, two on climate change and reconstruction of natural hazard events such as avalanches and rockslides, and two de‐ voted to tsunamis and volcanoes. All chapters contribute relevant information and useful content for scientists and other readers interested in possible measures to protect people, property, and economic activities. The lack of action and ineffectiveness of measures imple‐ mented to contain the vulnerabilities and risks of natural hazards worldwide are also ad‐

I believe this book comprises material of sufficient quality and quantity to make it a refer‐

I would like to thank all collaborators who directly or indirectly helped to set up this project, in particular the invited referees and my Publishing Process Managers, Ms. Renata Sliva and Ms. Kristina Jurdana, and my Author Service Manager, Ms. Marijana Francetic, for the op‐

**José Simão Antunes do Carmo**

University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal

Preface IX

technological, political, and institutional measures will contribute to:

went a rigorous review process.

ence document in the field of natural hazards

dressed.

**Acknowledgments**

portunity to work with them.

**Global Disasters:** Number of events and economic losses recorded between 1970 and 2017 (data from the Swisse Re Institute, May 2018).

On the other hand, it is important to promote the incorporation of knowledge about disaster risk, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and rehabilitation, into formal and non-formal education, civic education at all levels, and vocational training.

It is recognized that effective disaster risk management contributes to sustainable develop‐ ment. However, it should be noted that disasters can disproportionately affect the least de‐ veloped countries, in particular Small Island Developing States because of their specific vulnerabilities. The effects of disasters, some of which have increased in intensity and been exacerbated by ongoing climate change, hinder progress towards sustainable development.

To be effective, particularly in less-prepared countries, policies and practices for disaster risk management must take local specificities into account and be based on a clear understand‐ ing of risks with respect to vulnerability, capacity, exposure of people and assets, risk char‐ acterization, and environmental sustainability.

It is worth recalling that the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable De‐ velopment 2012, "The Future We Want," was a call for disaster risk reduction issues and increased disaster resilience to be addressed with a renewed sense of urgency in the context of sustainable development.

However, while some progress has been made towards increasing resilience and reducing loss and damage, a substantial reduction in disaster risk requires perseverance and persis‐ tence, with a more explicit focus on people and their livelihoods, and regular monitoring.

Preventing new disaster risks and reducing existing disaster risks through the implementa‐ tion of integrated economic, structural, legal, social, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political, and institutional measures will contribute to:


This book presents case studies and discusses concepts, methods, and techniques to assess risks and vulnerabilities relating to a wide range of natural events: floods, droughts, ava‐ lanches, rockslides, landslides, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanoes. Selected chapters, which were identified as offering meaningful information and scientific knowledge, under‐ went a rigorous review process.

The book consists of nine chapters: five on flood events addressing vulnerabilities, risk as‐ sessments, impacts, sensitivity analyses, and mitigation measures, two on climate change and reconstruction of natural hazard events such as avalanches and rockslides, and two de‐ voted to tsunamis and volcanoes. All chapters contribute relevant information and useful content for scientists and other readers interested in possible measures to protect people, property, and economic activities. The lack of action and ineffectiveness of measures imple‐ mented to contain the vulnerabilities and risks of natural hazards worldwide are also ad‐ dressed.

I believe this book comprises material of sufficient quality and quantity to make it a refer‐ ence document in the field of natural hazards

#### **Acknowledgments**

**Global Disasters:** Number of events and economic losses recorded between 1970 and 2017 (data from the Swisse Re

On the other hand, it is important to promote the incorporation of knowledge about disaster risk, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and rehabilitation, into formal and non-formal education, civic education at all levels, and vocational training. It is recognized that effective disaster risk management contributes to sustainable develop‐ ment. However, it should be noted that disasters can disproportionately affect the least de‐ veloped countries, in particular Small Island Developing States because of their specific vulnerabilities. The effects of disasters, some of which have increased in intensity and been exacerbated by ongoing climate change, hinder progress towards sustainable development. To be effective, particularly in less-prepared countries, policies and practices for disaster risk management must take local specificities into account and be based on a clear understand‐ ing of risks with respect to vulnerability, capacity, exposure of people and assets, risk char‐

It is worth recalling that the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable De‐ velopment 2012, "The Future We Want," was a call for disaster risk reduction issues and increased disaster resilience to be addressed with a renewed sense of urgency in the context

Institute, May 2018).

VIII Preface

acterization, and environmental sustainability.

of sustainable development.

I would like to thank all collaborators who directly or indirectly helped to set up this project, in particular the invited referees and my Publishing Process Managers, Ms. Renata Sliva and Ms. Kristina Jurdana, and my Author Service Manager, Ms. Marijana Francetic, for the op‐ portunity to work with them.

> **José Simão Antunes do Carmo** University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal

**Section 1**

**Flood Events: Vulnerabilities and Risk**

**Assessments**

**Flood Events: Vulnerabilities and Risk Assessments**

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Vulnerability, Urban Design and Resilience**

**Vulnerability, Urban Design and Resilience** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78585

After 30 years without any serious flooding, and over half a century without any major floods (the river Seine's last "important" flooding in Paris took place in January 1955), the 2016 event questions our capacity to evaluate the flood hazard and its impacts. For the Ile-de-France region, the hazard occurred outside defined periods of vigilance, as a result of heavy rains downstream of the main protection structures formed by reservoirs. For this reason, these large protection works only had a very moderate influence on the event. Management of the 2016 event has been analysed on the basis of local measures whose effectiveness varied depending on the context. Among the positive lessons to be drawn, the 2016 floods revealed the high level of resilience of the Matra district in Romorantin. This resilient district, which has high urban qualities, has shown that, in the French regulatory context, flood risks can be treated effectively by appropriate

**Keywords:** urban resilience, urban design, flood, vulnerability, Romorantin, Matra

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In both civil society and scientific fields, the frequency with which the term "resilience" is used has increased dramatically since 2005 [1, 2] in discourses on climate change, natural risk management and urban and territorial development. Etymologically, the word "resilience" comes from the Latin "resilio, resilire," which means taking a step backward and having the ability to restart. Coming from fields as varied as psychology, ecology and materials sciences, it has also been adopted by disciplines such as economics, information technology, and so on

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78585

**Management**

**Abstract**

development projects.

**1. Introduction**

district, critical infrastructure

**Management**

Bruno Barroca

Bruno Barroca

#### **Vulnerability, Urban Design and Resilience Management Vulnerability, Urban Design and Resilience Management**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78585

#### Bruno Barroca Bruno Barroca

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78585

#### **Abstract**

After 30 years without any serious flooding, and over half a century without any major floods (the river Seine's last "important" flooding in Paris took place in January 1955), the 2016 event questions our capacity to evaluate the flood hazard and its impacts. For the Ile-de-France region, the hazard occurred outside defined periods of vigilance, as a result of heavy rains downstream of the main protection structures formed by reservoirs. For this reason, these large protection works only had a very moderate influence on the event. Management of the 2016 event has been analysed on the basis of local measures whose effectiveness varied depending on the context. Among the positive lessons to be drawn, the 2016 floods revealed the high level of resilience of the Matra district in Romorantin. This resilient district, which has high urban qualities, has shown that, in the French regulatory context, flood risks can be treated effectively by appropriate development projects.

**Keywords:** urban resilience, urban design, flood, vulnerability, Romorantin, Matra district, critical infrastructure

#### **1. Introduction**

In both civil society and scientific fields, the frequency with which the term "resilience" is used has increased dramatically since 2005 [1, 2] in discourses on climate change, natural risk management and urban and territorial development. Etymologically, the word "resilience" comes from the Latin "resilio, resilire," which means taking a step backward and having the ability to restart. Coming from fields as varied as psychology, ecology and materials sciences, it has also been adopted by disciplines such as economics, information technology, and so on

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

with varied meanings revealing not only polysemous wealth but also many contradictions [3]. Currently, the field of resilience covers a great deal more than just post-disaster questions; resilience applies to all aspects of temporality and the actions related to risk management.

constraints liable to prohibit new constructions (homes, services, shops, equipment …) or make recommendations and exclude certain functions (bans on homes or establishments

Vulnerability, Urban Design and Resilience Management http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78585 5

Generally, recommendations indicate the super-elevation of occupied levels and hydraulic transparency (the ability not to block the water flow). Despite the many criticisms concerning the elaboration of FRMP [6], the opacity of technical selection stages and expert negotiation processes [7], FRMP regulations impose significant constraints on local planning. Faced with these constraints, which are difficult to accept locally, especially when the effectiveness of FRMPs is regularly challenged, other approaches have come into being, born by the will to live with water and to integrate risk not in terms of controlling the use of land, but in terms of regional planning and organisation aspects [8]. The increasing use of the term "resilience" is part of this shift, and government authorities are now looking for ways for taking better account of resilience in specific regions. In 2015 [9] and 2016, the Ministries of Housing and Ecology even launched a Grand Prix for urban development on building land liable to be flooded. In terms of the regulations for this prize, the ministries want to promote "urban development or […] buildings designed for undergoing frequent or rare floods and which are respectful of urban, environmental and heritage constraints in areas with low to medium

of its area flooded in the event of a 100-year flood, large areas of the

Île-de-France region are likely to undergo flooding for exceptionally long periods (12 days of rising water levels and 5 weeks of receding water levels in 1910). Ninety-four per cent of the

The increase in the number of homes in these flood-prone urban areas more particularly stems from demographic pressure that is reflected just as much in plots exposed to flood risks as elsewhere [12]. In the last few decades, departments of the Ile-de-France region have built largely in flood-prone areas. The Val-de-Marne department, more particularly prone to flooding by the river Seine and its tributary, the Marne, is one of the three departments that stand out on national levels for the largest number of constructions they have in flood-prone zones. In this respect, over 8000 homes were built between 1999 and 2006. Before 1999, the Valde-Marne department already had a large number of homes built in flood zones. The result of these phenomena is an increase in exposure not only to extreme events, but also to events that

Until the beginning of the twentieth century, there were no major protection works in the Paris region and only local measures and suitably designed constructions made any form of risk management possible. At the beginning of the twentieth century, works were carried out on improving the flow of the river Seine by digging out the river bed and limiting obstacles

Four reservoirs, created in the Yonne valley for diverting the Seine, Marne and Aube rivers (tributaries of the Seine upstream of Paris) were also built between 1950 and 1990 to limit their

flood zones in Paris and neighbouring departments are already built-up areas [11].

hazard levels where building operations have not been prohibited "[10].

**2.2. How does the Ile de France area protect itself?**

were considered in the past as being common place.

With nearly 500 km<sup>2</sup>

where it crossed Paris.

high flows.

open to the public for example).

For this reason, if the term of resilience has invaded the risk management landscape, as far as urban floods are concerned, this gives rise to two complementary dynamics: on the one hand, "adaptation" by local strategies that integrate flood risks for sites in urban development projects, and, on the other hand, "resistance" by means of protection strategies based on so-called structural measures (anti-flood walls, dikes, dams) aimed at reducing flood risks in urban areas.

This chapter reviews the floods that affected France in June 2016. It analyses national and regional strategies. The chapter also presents a resilient local experience that has shown all its effectiveness during the flood period. The singularity of the hydrological situation and flood prevention in the Ile-de-France region implemented by development work are covered in Sections 2.1 and 2.2. Section 2.3 focuses on the limits of this flood-prevention strategy and reveals its impacts and effects. In Section 2.4, positive elements are highlighted, including innovative experiences for adapting urban forms and local strategies for resilient development.
