**Definitions/acronyms**

the interior and the driver are heated by the engine CS, that is, without changing the design of the vehicle. The results of the mathematical modeling of the interior heat transfer processes confirmed the feasibility of using the CHS. When using the CHS, the requirements are fully met in terms of the efficiency and safety of the heating system. It means that 15 min after the vehicle starts its motion at the ambient temperature to −25°C the requirements of the standard

**Figure 7.** The results of investigating the influence of the CHS components on the coolant and MO heating time (a) and

on the total time of the coolant and MO thermal development (b) in terms of fuel consumption (kg/h).

The development and the study of the engine combined heating system with phase-transitional thermal accumulators for pre-start and after-start heating under cold operating conditions were considered. To ensure optimal temperature condition of the ICE and the vehicle, general and individual tasks were determined. The combined heating system scheme of the ICE and the vehicle in operation was developed. The objects of experimental studies in operation were described. Using a systems approach to ensure optimal temperature condition of the vehicle in operation, the "combined heating system of the engine and the vehicle" and its application methods were developed. The results of significant impact of the

for heating the driver's head, legs, and body are fully met.

**6. Summary**

118 HVAC System



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