**1. Introduction: current climate change policies in India and targets**

India is rich in coal and is third largest coal producer in the world with estimated coal reserves of the order of 257 billion tons [1]. Coal continues to be the dominating energy source and

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

meets nearly 58% of total requirement of commercial energy, but accounts for over 50% of the gross emissions. Out of total annual emission of about 2100 million tons per annum (MTPA), CO2 emitted by the coal based thermal power plants amounts to about over 1000 MTPA. With the developmental activities using fossil fuels on the anvil, the aggregate emission in the country would increase. The coal-based power plants totaling to 192 GW out of total installed capacity of 330 GW would remain main stay of India's power sector for at least 2–3 decades. India, though has lower contribution to the historical GHG accumulation, it holds a large potential for options like cost effective CCS to tackle the adverse effects of climate change [2]. Coal fired power plants in India account for more than half of the energy production in the country annually and about 52% of the total GHG emissions of the country [3, 4]. With a large number of new coal power plants, sub and supercritical, being installed, the problem of GHG emissions is likely to increase.

• CO2

aquifers [7].

houses [7].

following stage wise program:

• Stage-1 (1–5 years): CO<sup>2</sup>

area.

stations.

specific options.

sediments.

 sequestration is a multi-dimensional aspect involving capture of carbon from atmosphere followed by transportation, injection into favorable sites and post-injection

An Innovative Approach in Post Combustion Carbon Capture and Sequestration…

will be stored there permanently at least for 1000 years and no leakage is preferable. In

by chemical absorption and reaction respectively are depleted coal beds and saline

• Carbon Capture & Sequestration would play an important role in reducing GHG emissions at the same time enabling low carbon electricity generation from Power plants. Considering a CCS integrated 500 MW unit, which emits over 3 million tons of CO<sup>2</sup> per annum, would be equivalent to: (a) planting over 60 million trees and maintaining them to grow for 10 years; (b) avoiding energy related emission of about 0.3 million

R&D efforts under the aegis of various Ministries of Government of India including Department of Science & Technology, would be required to estimate the economic implications of implementing CCS in the existing coal Fired plants [11]. Nine national missions for managing climate change have been set up by the Planning Commission, which include Clean

It has been recommended at several forums of Ministry of Power that a better option could be carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) through the technologies of conversion of CO2 into multipurpose fuels including biodiesel through Algae route. In a post combustion amine based CCS Plant the Energy Penalty in regeneration of solvent has been identified as a main issues in CCS deployment, as such India is taking conscious steps in the area of CCS as under

• Stage-2 (5–10 years): sequestration to depleted coal mines for pit-head coal based power

• Stage 3A (10–15 years): sequestration to basalt rocks, saline aquifers & EOR as per site

Innovative concept of energy penalty reduction through integration with the solar thermal could also be an option for India and other countries between tropic of cancer & capricorn viz. under International Solar Alliance launched recently with India in lead role. The CCS option towards sustainability may lead to an opportunity for course-correction in line of thinking of our Planners,

sequestration to selected species of Algae in ash pond in the plant

must be reliable in the sense that CO2

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78394

97

could be fixed permanently

hydrate formation in seabed

monitoring. The favorable sites for storage of CO<sup>2</sup>

Coal Technologies and CCS as a prime mitigation measure.

• Stage-3B (10–15 years): for costal power stations: CO<sup>2</sup>

this backdrop, the most suitable storage sites where CO2

India has world's largest sedimentary basins. Ganga Basin and adjoining Rajasthan and Vindhya Basins offer a potential site for CO<sup>2</sup> storage [5].

India has made a voluntary commitment at paris agreement; COP-21, that it would decrease its carbon intensity by 30–33% by 2030 from 2005 level. To address the threat of climate change, India has further declared in UNFCC's Conference of Parties (COP21) at Paris, that it will augment 175 GW of renewable energy, out of which 100 GW would be solar PV and solar thermal. Carbon sequestration of the order of 2.5–3.0 billion tons of CO<sup>2</sup> through additional forest is also aimed at in the perspective five year plans and focus on adaptation in agriculture, forest, water and livelihood would be accelerated [1, 7].

The path chosen makes it imperative that the CO<sup>2</sup> , which forms 95% of the GHG emissions be reduced. The reduction of 33% intensity as promised by India at COP-21: Paris; would translate to a decrease of CO2 emissions from our coal plants from 0.9 kg/kWh to a level of 0.58 kg/kWh by 2030. This decrease is possible by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures like acceleration of present pace of Low Carbon Technologies (LCT) particularly and Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) and setting up of Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS) plants primarily for post combustion carbon capture on our fossil fuel based sub and supercritical thermal power plants.

The Indian Power Ministry and the Department of Science & Technology have considered CO2 capture and its sequestration through options like conversion to fuels as a far economical option than storage in sedimentary basins by [6, 7]. As per the Global Assessment Report, there is limited geological storage capacity [8], however a better potential will be found, if the concept of CO2 storage in Basalt formations can be advanced into a matured option through focused R&D [9, 10].

Expected benefits for the environment and society at large due to the CCS implementation plan are:

• Adoption and implementation of Low Carbon Technologies will pave way for sustainable society prepared to meet the challenges of climate change.

• CO2 sequestration is a multi-dimensional aspect involving capture of carbon from atmosphere followed by transportation, injection into favorable sites and post-injection monitoring. The favorable sites for storage of CO<sup>2</sup> must be reliable in the sense that CO2 will be stored there permanently at least for 1000 years and no leakage is preferable. In this backdrop, the most suitable storage sites where CO2 could be fixed permanently by chemical absorption and reaction respectively are depleted coal beds and saline aquifers [7].

meets nearly 58% of total requirement of commercial energy, but accounts for over 50% of the gross emissions. Out of total annual emission of about 2100 million tons per annum (MTPA),

India has world's largest sedimentary basins. Ganga Basin and adjoining Rajasthan and

India has made a voluntary commitment at paris agreement; COP-21, that it would decrease its carbon intensity by 30–33% by 2030 from 2005 level. To address the threat of climate change, India has further declared in UNFCC's Conference of Parties (COP21) at Paris, that it will augment 175 GW of renewable energy, out of which 100 GW would be solar PV and solar

forest is also aimed at in the perspective five year plans and focus on adaptation in agricul-

be reduced. The reduction of 33% intensity as promised by India at COP-21: Paris; would

0.58 kg/kWh by 2030. This decrease is possible by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures like acceleration of present pace of Low Carbon Technologies (LCT) particularly and Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) and setting up of Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS) plants primarily for post combustion carbon capture on our fossil fuel based sub and super-

The Indian Power Ministry and the Department of Science & Technology have considered

Expected benefits for the environment and society at large due to the CCS implementation

• Adoption and implementation of Low Carbon Technologies will pave way for sustainable

 capture and its sequestration through options like conversion to fuels as a far economical option than storage in sedimentary basins by [6, 7]. As per the Global Assessment Report, there is limited geological storage capacity [8], however a better potential will be found, if the

storage in Basalt formations can be advanced into a matured option through

thermal. Carbon sequestration of the order of 2.5–3.0 billion tons of CO<sup>2</sup>

ture, forest, water and livelihood would be accelerated [1, 7].

society prepared to meet the challenges of climate change.

The path chosen makes it imperative that the CO<sup>2</sup>

storage [5].

through additional

, which forms 95% of the GHG emissions

emissions from our coal plants from 0.9 kg/kWh to a level of

 emitted by the coal based thermal power plants amounts to about over 1000 MTPA. With the developmental activities using fossil fuels on the anvil, the aggregate emission in the country would increase. The coal-based power plants totaling to 192 GW out of total installed capacity of 330 GW would remain main stay of India's power sector for at least 2–3 decades. India, though has lower contribution to the historical GHG accumulation, it holds a large potential for options like cost effective CCS to tackle the adverse effects of climate change [2]. Coal fired power plants in India account for more than half of the energy production in the country annually and about 52% of the total GHG emissions of the country [3, 4]. With a large number of new coal power plants, sub and supercritical, being installed, the problem of GHG

CO2

emissions is likely to increase.

96 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration

translate to a decrease of CO2

critical thermal power plants.

CO2

concept of CO2

plan are:

focused R&D [9, 10].

Vindhya Basins offer a potential site for CO<sup>2</sup>

• Carbon Capture & Sequestration would play an important role in reducing GHG emissions at the same time enabling low carbon electricity generation from Power plants. Considering a CCS integrated 500 MW unit, which emits over 3 million tons of CO<sup>2</sup> per annum, would be equivalent to: (a) planting over 60 million trees and maintaining them to grow for 10 years; (b) avoiding energy related emission of about 0.3 million houses [7].

R&D efforts under the aegis of various Ministries of Government of India including Department of Science & Technology, would be required to estimate the economic implications of implementing CCS in the existing coal Fired plants [11]. Nine national missions for managing climate change have been set up by the Planning Commission, which include Clean Coal Technologies and CCS as a prime mitigation measure.

It has been recommended at several forums of Ministry of Power that a better option could be carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) through the technologies of conversion of CO2 into multipurpose fuels including biodiesel through Algae route. In a post combustion amine based CCS Plant the Energy Penalty in regeneration of solvent has been identified as a main issues in CCS deployment, as such India is taking conscious steps in the area of CCS as under following stage wise program:


Innovative concept of energy penalty reduction through integration with the solar thermal could also be an option for India and other countries between tropic of cancer & capricorn viz. under International Solar Alliance launched recently with India in lead role. The CCS option towards sustainability may lead to an opportunity for course-correction in line of thinking of our Planners, Engineers & Scientists working in the arena of Green Power technology and its development. The time appears to be ripe for implementation of CCS on an actual thermal power plant.
