**Author details**

Routine measurements of Pc

156 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration

determine residual trapped CO2

(45°C). They also determined *S*nwr,CO2

In relation to field applications of P<sup>c</sup>

determine Pc

an increase in CO2

in Germany [67].

**4. Conclusion**

CO2

Thus, Pc

sand packs of different grain sizes using CO<sup>2</sup>

They determined the drainage and imbibition cycles of the Pc

teristics and fluid properties. Complex dependence of P<sup>c</sup>


reservoirs and be stored through capillary trapping at fairly high *S*nwr,CO2


). The parameter, *S*nwr,CO2


dissolution as the temperature decreases reducing the interfacial tension.

and water with the porous plate technique.




.

, is key to determin-

will easily enter silica-rich

that is per-


interactions with

centrifuge methods. Plug et al. [26] measured drainage and imbibition relations in quartz

manently immobilised. Tokunaga et al. [62] also used drainage and imbibition processes to

tionship for consolidated media, namely, the Berea and Arqov sandstone samples. Discussing the relation in reference to temperature, the curves for the Berea sandstone showed that capillary pressure decreases as temperature reduces, and this behaviour was attributed to

porosity, pore geometry and tortuosity, pore size distribution, wettability, reservoir mineralogy, geochemistry, and surface chemistry make the relationship difficult to predict [65].

Field applications of these techniques involve coring of rock samples from the injection reservoir. On these samples, core-flooding operations are performed often in the laboratory. Capillary pressure, relative permeability and residual gas saturations are often the targeted parameters for measurement. The techniques have been used to assess safety and performances of geological carbon sequestration in the UK and Australia [66] and at Ketzin pilot site

water/brine, rock/soil and other gases as well as its migration through complex pore networks. These techniques utilise the physico-chemical and electromagnetic properties of the

Among the monitoring technologies, geophysical tools have gained more grounds in monitoring pilot sequestration projects across the globe. Techniques like seismic method, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) offered good promise, especially at deeper levels in the scale of hundred metres to kilometres, while the likes of direct current geoelectric and ground penetration radar (GPR) are only good for monitoring at near-surface or shallow storage


Myriads of techniques are currently in existence to detect and monitor CO2

geological layer while many are appropriate at the shallow aquifers.

. Their results show that scCO2


saturation (*S*nwr,CO2

ing the success of the storage process because it indicates the amount of the CO2

Luqman Kolawole Abidoye1 \* and Diganta Bhusan Das2

\*Address all correspondence to: abidoye.luqman@uniosun.edu.ng

1 Civil Engineering Department, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria

2 Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
