**2. Detailed methodology of post combustion CCS on a thermal power plant: a pilot study**

A pilot plant of CCS having rated capacity of curbing carbon dioxide of 500 kg/day was installed at RGPV University, Bhopal in Central India in the year 2008. The source of carbon dioxide was a baby boiler of rated capacity of producing 100 kg/h of steam. Desired amount of steam is extracted for catalytic conversion and other heating processes. Another source of flue gases is a biomass gasifier fired engine of capacity 10 kWe, which is also coupled with the system. Scrubbing of flue gas is done using solution of NaHCO<sup>3</sup> , NaOH and lime for removal of SOx and Nox; and for capturing carbon dioxide from flue gas an aqueous solvent of 1–2 M monoethanolamine is used. The strip of CO<sup>2</sup> is sent to the three MEA solvent tanks where the MEA solvent in the three tanks absorb the CO<sup>2</sup> up to their saturation point. The saturated MEA containing CO<sup>2</sup> , from the three MEA solvent tanks are sent to the saturated MEA tank. In order to remove CO<sup>2</sup> from the MEA saturated solvent, a striping tank is provided. The CO<sup>2</sup> is released from the MEA solvent in striping tank with the help of steam generated from the diesel-fired boiler. Data are recorded by combustion gas analyzer, which was customized to record data as per requirement [12]. The scheme diagram of the plant is shown at **Figure 1**. Catalytic converters/reduction units for methane, hydrogen and CO are installed for this pilot unit.

The long term "Objectives" behind setting up of a pilot plant are to provide ground for 'Feasibility study' on a large thermal units of future having CCS facility with least energy penalty. To this end, the development of Concentrated Solar Power for Steam generation for Regeneration of CO2 captured MEA Solvent & System optimization studies are on the anvil.

**Figure 1.** Scheme diagram of CO2

**Figure 2.** CO2

capture & sequestration plant (CO2

capture & sequestration pilot plant.

& steam source—oil fired baby boiler).

An Innovative Approach in Post Combustion Carbon Capture and Sequestration…

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99

The pilot plant will also provide a study and prove the viability of sequestration of CO<sup>2</sup> to selected species of Algae for getting optimum lipid content from the increased growth of species.

The pilot plant together with the combustion gas analyzer & data acquisition system has been used for 4000 h. Trail run for 'Uncertainty Analysis' in the experimentation. CO<sup>2</sup> capture level of 90–93% was achieved for the above post combustion CO<sup>2</sup> sources viz. a boiler and a gasifier. It was seen that H2 formation to the extent of 21% by volume was also achieved.

The pilot plant (**Figure 2**) was utilized for variety of application during trial run of 4000 h for process stabilization such as: the study of CO<sup>2</sup> capture in mono ethanol amine (MEA) ranging from 1 molar to 5 molar strength; sequestration of CO2 released from the stripper unit to variety of algae and development of lipid content for bio-diesel production. The pilot plant is also being used for development of low cost catalysts for production of fuel elements like CH<sup>4</sup> [13].

An Innovative Approach in Post Combustion Carbon Capture and Sequestration… http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78394 99

**Figure 1.** Scheme diagram of CO2 capture & sequestration pilot plant.

Engineers & Scientists working in the arena of Green Power technology and its development. The time appears to be ripe for implementation of CCS on an actual thermal power plant.

A pilot plant of CCS having rated capacity of curbing carbon dioxide of 500 kg/day was installed at RGPV University, Bhopal in Central India in the year 2008. The source of carbon dioxide was a baby boiler of rated capacity of producing 100 kg/h of steam. Desired amount of steam is extracted for catalytic conversion and other heating processes. Another source of flue gases is a biomass gasifier fired engine of capacity 10 kWe, which is also coupled with

removal of SOx and Nox; and for capturing carbon dioxide from flue gas an aqueous solvent

generated from the diesel-fired boiler. Data are recorded by combustion gas analyzer, which was customized to record data as per requirement [12]. The scheme diagram of the plant is shown at **Figure 1**. Catalytic converters/reduction units for methane, hydrogen and CO are

The long term "Objectives" behind setting up of a pilot plant are to provide ground for 'Feasibility study' on a large thermal units of future having CCS facility with least energy penalty. To this end, the development of Concentrated Solar Power for Steam generation

The pilot plant will also provide a study and prove the viability of sequestration of CO<sup>2</sup>

selected species of Algae for getting optimum lipid content from the increased growth of

The pilot plant together with the combustion gas analyzer & data acquisition system has been

The pilot plant (**Figure 2**) was utilized for variety of application during trial run of 4000 h for

ety of algae and development of lipid content for bio-diesel production. The pilot plant is also being used for development of low cost catalysts for production of fuel elements like CH<sup>4</sup>

formation to the extent of 21% by volume was also achieved.

used for 4000 h. Trail run for 'Uncertainty Analysis' in the experimentation. CO<sup>2</sup>

of 90–93% was achieved for the above post combustion CO<sup>2</sup>

process stabilization such as: the study of CO<sup>2</sup>

from 1 molar to 5 molar strength; sequestration of CO2

, NaOH and lime for

to

capture level

[13].

sources viz. a boiler and a gasifier.

capture in mono ethanol amine (MEA) ranging

released from the stripper unit to vari-

is sent to the three MEA solvent tanks

, from the three MEA solvent tanks are sent to the saturated

is released from the MEA solvent in striping tank with the help of steam

captured MEA Solvent & System optimization studies are on the

from the MEA saturated solvent, a striping tank is pro-

up to their saturation point. The

**2. Detailed methodology of post combustion CCS on a thermal** 

the system. Scrubbing of flue gas is done using solution of NaHCO<sup>3</sup>

of 1–2 M monoethanolamine is used. The strip of CO<sup>2</sup>

where the MEA solvent in the three tanks absorb the CO<sup>2</sup>

**power plant: a pilot study**

98 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration

saturated MEA containing CO<sup>2</sup>

installed for this pilot unit.

for Regeneration of CO2

anvil.

species.

It was seen that H2

vided. The CO<sup>2</sup>

MEA tank. In order to remove CO<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 2.** CO2 capture & sequestration plant (CO2 & steam source—oil fired baby boiler).

A need was established soon after the 4000 h trail runs of this pilot plant to explore:


Simulation studies were carried out and a 1.5 molar strength was found to be optimum for CO2 capture to the level over 90%. Further, using lignite Gasifier the carbon monoxide of the order of 20% was produced for recycling to the boiler using short-flame burners, which is close to the theoretical limit of 21.88%. The pilot plant was also used for the feasibility study of installation of CCS plant on a 500 MW thermal power plant as discussed further.

The objective of this pilot project is also to carry out feasibility study, prototype design & development of a 30% CO<sup>2</sup> capture & sequestration unit for installation on a 500 MW coal-fired thermal power plant as per the broad scheme given below (**Figure 3**). The project proposal also provides details of plant modification to be done by plant engineers for steam tapping from turbine extractions, as well as design and consultancy scope, etc. A full-scale plant on a 500 MW Pulverized Coal Fired Unit would require a plant of 510 tonnes/h capacity. This interdisciplinary project is expected to resolve certain frontline issues in CO<sup>2</sup> sequestration such as energy intensive process optimization in terms of cost of generation and development of effective catalyst for methane, hydrogen and biodiesel recovery through Algae route. This

scheme of retrofitting of existing 500 MW unit with CO<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 4.** Scheme of implementation of CCS plant through integration with solar thermal.

same are given at **Figure 3**.

regeneration of solvents [1, 7].

**a thermal power plant**

scale CO2

An amine solvent based plant with 30% CO<sup>2</sup>

case the energy penalty in our case when we are going for CO2

for carrying out system optimization studies (**Figure 4**).

discussed with power utilities like NTPC, TOSHIBA and BHEL and the broad outline of the

The methodology of implementation of CCS plant on a 500 MW unit is broadly shown in this figure. The scheme also shows steam turbine extractions for providing steam for regeneration of solvent which will cause energy penalty of the order of 15%. The same can be reduced to 4–5% level by combination of solar thermal generated steam coupled with thermal energy storage using a concentrated solar plant (CSP) as shown below in the conceptual **Figure 4**. The incorporation of solar thermal with CCS will pave way for reduction of energy penalty in

25% including about 15% for sequestration to mineral rocks, gas hydrates and ocean. In any

fuels the energy penalty still remains at level of 12–15% [1, 7]. The reduction to about 10% has been calculated using MATLAB simulation and shall be verified after establishment of pilot

**3. Solar thermal technology application in post combustion CCS on** 

Concentrated Solar Plant (CSP) is presently a matured technology in which several thermal energy storage options are being deployed. Energy storage in form of heat offers a

capture and sequestration plant integrated with Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

capture & recycling of CO is being

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101

An Innovative Approach in Post Combustion Carbon Capture and Sequestration…

capture would mean an energy penalty of about

conversion to multipurpose

**Figure 3.** Conceptual diagram of a power project with CCS.

An Innovative Approach in Post Combustion Carbon Capture and Sequestration… http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78394 101

**Figure 4.** Scheme of implementation of CCS plant through integration with solar thermal.

A need was established soon after the 4000 h trail runs of this pilot plant to explore:

of installation of CCS plant on a 500 MW thermal power plant as discussed further.

interdisciplinary project is expected to resolve certain frontline issues in CO<sup>2</sup>

minimum cost penalty of regeneration.

100 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration

the calculated theoretical limit of 21.88%.

**Figure 3.** Conceptual diagram of a power project with CCS.

CO2

development of a 30% CO<sup>2</sup>

**i.** Optimum value of molar strength of MEA solvent for highest efficiency of capture with

**ii.** Optimum value of carbon dioxide recycling for conversion to CO to attain heat gain up to

Simulation studies were carried out and a 1.5 molar strength was found to be optimum for

The objective of this pilot project is also to carry out feasibility study, prototype design &

thermal power plant as per the broad scheme given below (**Figure 3**). The project proposal also provides details of plant modification to be done by plant engineers for steam tapping from turbine extractions, as well as design and consultancy scope, etc. A full-scale plant on a 500 MW Pulverized Coal Fired Unit would require a plant of 510 tonnes/h capacity. This

such as energy intensive process optimization in terms of cost of generation and development of effective catalyst for methane, hydrogen and biodiesel recovery through Algae route. This

capture & sequestration unit for installation on a 500 MW coal-fired

sequestration

 capture to the level over 90%. Further, using lignite Gasifier the carbon monoxide of the order of 20% was produced for recycling to the boiler using short-flame burners, which is close to the theoretical limit of 21.88%. The pilot plant was also used for the feasibility study

> scheme of retrofitting of existing 500 MW unit with CO<sup>2</sup> capture & recycling of CO is being discussed with power utilities like NTPC, TOSHIBA and BHEL and the broad outline of the same are given at **Figure 3**.

> The methodology of implementation of CCS plant on a 500 MW unit is broadly shown in this figure. The scheme also shows steam turbine extractions for providing steam for regeneration of solvent which will cause energy penalty of the order of 15%. The same can be reduced to 4–5% level by combination of solar thermal generated steam coupled with thermal energy storage using a concentrated solar plant (CSP) as shown below in the conceptual **Figure 4**. The incorporation of solar thermal with CCS will pave way for reduction of energy penalty in regeneration of solvents [1, 7].

> An amine solvent based plant with 30% CO<sup>2</sup> capture would mean an energy penalty of about 25% including about 15% for sequestration to mineral rocks, gas hydrates and ocean. In any case the energy penalty in our case when we are going for CO2 conversion to multipurpose fuels the energy penalty still remains at level of 12–15% [1, 7]. The reduction to about 10% has been calculated using MATLAB simulation and shall be verified after establishment of pilot scale CO2 capture and sequestration plant integrated with Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) for carrying out system optimization studies (**Figure 4**).
