Preface

Chapter 8 **Immobilization Impact of Photocatalysts onto**

Ali Gemeay and Mohamed El-Halwagy

Chapter 9 **Chemically Exfoliated Graphene Nanosheets for Flexible**

Joong Tark Han, Seung Yol Jeong, Hee Jin Jeong and Geon-Woong

**Graphene Oxide 107**

Lee

**VI** Contents

**Electrode Applications 127**

Nowadays, the world is facing challenges in the field of life science, energy, health, and the environment with enactment, healthiness, and toughness materials. It has been widely distin‐ guished that advanced materials including carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nano‐ tubes (CNTs), carbon blocks, and graphene oxide (GO) will continue to play a significant role in overcoming the major challenges and making the innovations in both technology and prac‐ tical application. Owing to the prolonged structural properties, GO and its nanocomposites hold unlimited promises that have been much more widely attracted in various important and versatile applications such as catalysis, energy conversion and storage devices, hydrogen storage materials, various lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries, zinc air batteries, sens‐ ing electronic devices, environment protection, photocatalyst for water splitting, water purifi‐ cation, and removal of air pollutants. The outstanding potential of graphene-based nanomaterials has enabled significant enrichments for abundant imperative applications.

This book that gives a comprehensive information is envisioned to address the sustained progresses and challenges with a wide scope of attention, highlighting the fundamental un‐ derstanding of the synthesis and characterization and the performance of graphene and functionalized graphene oxide composite materials. To assist further technical challenges, practical applications and prospects of graphene and its composite materials are discussed, and numerous future research directions are also suggested in this book.

> **Dr. Ganesh S. Kamble** Department of Engineering Chemistry Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous) Kolhapur, India

Department of Chemistry National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan

**Section 1**

**Graphene Oxide Synthesis and Applications**

**Graphene Oxide Synthesis and Applications**

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Introductory Chapter: Graphene Oxide: Applications**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79640

This chapter aims to introduce the emerging technologies of graphene oxide (GO) in various fields such as industrial, medical, electronics, artificial intelligences, materials and alloys, energy storage devices, optical, physics, mechanical, nanomaterials, and sustainable chemistry. Graphene oxide analogy to graphene was first discovered by chemist Benjamin C. Brodie in 1859 and further quick method was developed by Hummers and Offeman in 1957; globally,

Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon sheet having sp<sup>2</sup> hybridization with molecular weights of more than 106–107 g/mol. It has been packed into a honeycomb lattice (Figure 1). The bulk material of graphite that was discrete in single monolayer sheets showed noteworthy properties and hence its single monolayer structure motivated in various applications. The exfoliation of graphene oxide was synthesized by using strong oxidizing agents such as

Many devices of GO overtake reference systems, for example, capacitors [4, 5], foldable electronic devices [6], translucent electrodes [7], biomedical applications [8], pollution manage-

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

3. Overview of applications and future opportunities of GO

ment [9], sensors [10], H2-generation [9] and energy applications [11].

Introductory Chapter: Graphene Oxide: Applications

**and Opportunities**

and Opportunities

Ganesh Shamrao Kamble

Ganesh Shamrao Kamble

1. Introduction

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79640

the method is known as Hummers' method [1].

KMnO4 and conc. H2SO4 [2, 3].

2. History of synthesis of GO and structure

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### **Introductory Chapter: Graphene Oxide: Applications and Opportunities** Introductory Chapter: Graphene Oxide: Applications and Opportunities

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79640

Ganesh Shamrao Kamble Ganesh Shamrao Kamble

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79640

1. Introduction

This chapter aims to introduce the emerging technologies of graphene oxide (GO) in various fields such as industrial, medical, electronics, artificial intelligences, materials and alloys, energy storage devices, optical, physics, mechanical, nanomaterials, and sustainable chemistry. Graphene oxide analogy to graphene was first discovered by chemist Benjamin C. Brodie in 1859 and further quick method was developed by Hummers and Offeman in 1957; globally, the method is known as Hummers' method [1].
