**4. Future scope and implications**

The search of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics has significantly improved over the last two decades. The deep research in ferroelectric materials can develop better ferroelectric and electrostrictive ceramics. It is necessary to develop lead free ceramic materials having morphotropic phase boundary like PZT and improve the temperature dependence of piezoelectric properties of lead free ceramics. Lower Curie temperature of BT based ceramics hinders their use in practical applications. Improvement in this regime is most welcome in the future. The improvement in piezoelectric properties of BT based ceramics has done in last few years which are attractive for various applications; though need to improve other basic properties such as Curie temperature and temperature dependent piezoelectric properties to accelerate the use of BT based materials in piezoelectric applications. It is difficult to replace the PZT by single lead free piezoelectric material. Therefore, need to develop different lead-free materials which can fulfill the different challenges and can useful for various piezoelectric applications. The BT based polycrystalline electroceramics possess inferior properties than BT based single crystal materials. In future this gap can be fulfilled by textured piezoceramics. The textured piezoelectric ceramics have potential to fulfill the gap between polycrystalline and single crystal piezoelectric ceramics. In conventional polycrystalline ceramics grains are randomly oriented while in the textured polycrystalline ceramics grain structure is oriented along one of the crystallographic direction. Due to the orientation of grain structure in specific crystallographic direction, the textured piezoelectric materials give higher performance characteristics close to single crystal materials. Also, as compare to single crystal materials the textured polycrystalline ceramics do not suffer from fracture toughness issues. In future textured BT based piezoelectric materials can become potential materials to replace the lead based piezoelectric materials.

ceramics with x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 we are successful to push the polymorphic phase transition temperatures (PPT) close to room temperature by Ca2+, Sn4+ and Zr4+ substitution for

BaTiO3-Based Lead-Free Electroceramics with Their Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties…

piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of BT ceramic can significantly tune by Ca2+ and Sn4+, Zr4+ substitutions useful for electromechanical device application in future. Still there is a scope for BT based ceramics with Ca2+ and Sn4+, Zr4+ substitutions to achieve the morphotropic phase

RCK thankfully acknowledge the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)-DST, Government of India (File No. EMR/2016/001750) for providing the research funds under

, Tulshidas C. Darvade<sup>1</sup>

1 Functional Ceramics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University,

2 Ceramics and Composites Group, Defense Metallurgical Research Laboratory, (Ministry of

[1] Rödel J, Webber KG, Dittmer R, Jo W, Kimura M, Damjanovic D. Transferring leadfree piezoelectric ceramics into application. Journal of the European Ceramic Society.

[2] Mahesh MLV, Bhanu Prasad VV, James AR. Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and electrical properties of zirconium doped barium titanate ceramics. Journal

of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2013;**24**:4684-4692

, Ajit R. James<sup>2</sup>

and

<sup>∗</sup> and *Q33* values of

129

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77388

respectively which is greater than BT ceramics. Thus, the

BT system. For BCST-BCZT system the composition x = 0.75 exhibits the d33, *d*<sup>33</sup>

/C2

boundary composition having giant piezoelectric properties.

Extra Mural Research Funding (Individual Centric) scheme.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

, Pravin S. Kadhane<sup>1</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: rckambale@gmail.com

310 pC/N, 385 pm/V and 0.089 m4

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Author details**

Bharat G. Baraskar<sup>1</sup>

Rahul C. Kambale1

**References**

Pune, Maharashtra, India

2015;**35**:1659-1681

\*

Defence), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
