**Ferroelectricity**

We would like to thank IntechOpen and all the contributors. Their support has made this book possible. We also would like to thank all researchers and the institute that has support‐

> **Dr. Husein Irzaman, M.Sci.** Department of Physics

Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Department of Community Nutrition and Physics

Faculty of Human Ecology and Mathematics and Sciences

**Renan Prasta Jenie, S.T.P., M.T.**

ed our research since 2001.

VIII Preface

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: Ferroelectrics Material**

**Introductory Chapter: Ferroelectrics Material** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80643

Ferroelectricity is a symptom of inevitable electrical polarisation changes in materials without external electric field interference. Ferroelectricity is a phenomenon exhibited by crystals with a spontaneous polarisation and hysteresis effects associated with dielectric changes when an electric field is given. Our fascination with ferroelectricity is thanks to a beautiful article by Itskovsky, in which he explains about kinetics of a ferroelectric phase transition in thin ferroelectric layer (film) [1]. We have been researching about ferroelectrics materials since 2001 [2, 3]. There are several materials known for its ferroelectric properties. Barium titanate and barium strontium titanate are the most well known [2–4]. Several others include tantalum oxide, lead zirconium titanate, gallium nitride, lithium tantalate, aluminium, copper oxide and lithium

Researchers often introduce dopant to enhance material's ferroelectric characteristics. Lanthanum is one of the most well-known materials to be used as dopant [10, 13, 15–18]. Ferric oxide is also most often used as dopant [8, 19–21]. Other dopants include gallium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide and manganese [9, 14, 19, 22–24]. Furthermore, we are cur-

When researchers are growing ferroelectric thin films, they have used various concentrations, starting from 0.25 to 2.5 mole [7, 23, 25–28]. Researchers applied the chemical solutions of various substrates: the most often is p-type silicone [3, 11]. n-Type silicone, transparent conductive oxide substrate and corning glass are also known to be used as ferroelectric substrates [2, 24–26]. We ourselves have prepared our ferroelectric materials mostly using chemical solution deposition methods and coupled with spin-coating methods, usually for 30 s, with rotational speed of 2000–8000 rpm [3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 18, 19, 23, 27, 29]. Other preparation methods researchers have

rently trying to enhance the ferroelectric effects using photonic crystals [25].

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**and Their Applications**

**and Their Applications**

Irzaman Husein and Renan Prasta Jenie

Irzaman Husein and Renan Prasta Jenie

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80643

**1. Ferroelectrics material**

niobate [5–14].

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### **Introductory Chapter: Ferroelectrics Material and Their Applications Introductory Chapter: Ferroelectrics Material and Their Applications**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80643

Irzaman Husein and Renan Prasta Jenie

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Irzaman Husein and Renan Prasta JenieAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80643
