**8. Conclusion**

since some treatments are meant to be complementary to others. Method validation between more than one approach would be important. **Table 1** presents some available analytical

In modern information technology, new challenges come from big data handling too. Most recent development in the handling of chemistry data, qualitative and quantitative can provide more information about the materials. Chemometrics has also become an important analytical chemistry tool in many disciplines including chemistry and other applied chemistry fields (e.g., biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry). The data analysis gives trends, and this hypothetical analysis creates continuity in the investigation. Thus, the challenges of analytical

methods for characterization and testing the applications.

**Methods Characterization Application Explanation**

Atomic spectroscopy

18 Chalcogen Chemistry

Optical microscopy

Mass spectrometer [13] Characterization of compounds synthesized

Chromatography [20, 86] Separation of plant pigments on surface of silica

Thermoanalysis [3, 13, 64, 65, 80] Characterization of chalcogen compounds, thermal

Magnetic analysis [56, 60, 61, 75] Characterization of magnetic nanoparticle of

Electrochemistry [4] Characterizing molecules based on reactions of

EDX [24, 64] Describing the composition of elements of materials,

Bioassay [60, 61] Testing bioactivity of the chalcogen materials

**Table 1.** Chalcogen (including oxygen) materials analysis using available analytical techniques.

[86] For the determination of volatile compounds released

components of chalcogen materials.

materials application

[10] Quantitative measurement of selenium content in soil

[18, 24, 85] Surface texture characterization, as well as structural

compounds

results.

Pd15Se17

(thiourea).

[52, 53] Calculation on S···O chalcogen bonds and modeling

chalcogen compounds

characterization of Pd4

[49, 69, 74] Voltammetric measurement for application chalcogen

Describing porous texture of the surface

cells with chalcogen materials

from the silica oxides materials, testing of chalcogen

using HG atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

materials, as one application for chalcogen

chalcogen materials, the effect of chalcogen substitution, suggestions for shape of complex metal chalcogenides together with electronic transition

clusters on chalcogen materials, formation of Zinc and cadmium sulfide and selenide, the study of degradation of palladium thiolate and selenolate

doped Mo as electrode, photoelectrochemical solar

S and

chemistry are real, yet exalting!

SEM [18, 24, 48, 54, 60, 66–68]

Computation methods

> One of the main problems analytical chemist has to face is the lack of compositional and structural information concerning chalcogens and related chemical compounds and materials. The development of efficient procedures for the synthesis, extraction, and characterization or structural determination of this class of compounds is bottleneck of each analysis, for both characterization as well as optimization and applications. Thus, the analytical protocol for such analysis usually performed with the use of a wide range of techniques, both single and hyphenated, should be designed on the basis of the need to provide required knowledge about translocation of the metal and character of its interactions with examined chalcogen materials or compounds toward establishing goal oriented method. Method development as well as validation is, therefore, crucial in shaping future technology development and application of chalcogen and chalcogenides. Analytical chemistry premised on new ideas out of human creativity is set to shape future technology for chalcogen materials.
