**3.8. Qualitative screening of steroids and terpenoids**

The general procedure to test the presence of steroids is: to 1 ml aqueous extract, 10 ml chloroform is added and then slowly 10 ml sulfuric acid is dripped. Upper layer turns red and sulfuric acid layer turns yellow-green.

Terpenoids are analyzed by reacting 1 ml aqueous extract with 2 ml of chloroform and then, slowly, few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. An interface with a reddish-brown coloration appears (**Table 12**). The change in color can be observed in **Figure 9**.

The qualitative screening of steroids revealed that these phytochemicals are absent from all the extracts while very small traces of terpenoids could be visually observed in gooseberry aqueous extract.


**Table 11.** Qualitative screening of proteins.


**Table 12.** Qualitative screening of steroids and terpenoids.

**Figure 9.** Terpenoids in sea buckthorn and gooseberry.

#### **3.9. Qualitative screening of glycosides**

*3.7.3. Detection of proteins*

**Figure 8.** Amino acids in sea buckthorn.

solution is added.

aqueous extract.

There are two different standard methods used (see results in **Table 11**):

1% copper sulfate are added to form a purple solution.

**3.8. Qualitative screening of steroids and terpenoids**

172 Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention

sulfuric acid layer turns yellow-green.

**Table 11.** Qualitative screening of proteins.

**b.** *Xanthoproteic test*: to 3 ml aqueous extract, 1 ml of concentrated H2

appears (**Table 12**). The change in color can be observed in **Figure 9**.

**Phytochemical test Sea buckthorn Gooseberry**

Proteins—biuret test Green solution Brown solution

Proteins and amino acids—Millon Opalescent orange solution Red-brownish precipitate

Proteins—xanthoproteic test Opalescent brown solution Dark-brown precipitate

**a.** *Biuret test:* to 3 ml aqueous extract, 3 ml 4% sodium hydroxide solution, and few drops of

white precipitate appears that turns yellow upon boiling and orange after 1 ml of NH4

The general procedure to test the presence of steroids is: to 1 ml aqueous extract, 10 ml chloroform is added and then slowly 10 ml sulfuric acid is dripped. Upper layer turns red and

Terpenoids are analyzed by reacting 1 ml aqueous extract with 2 ml of chloroform and then, slowly, few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. An interface with a reddish-brown coloration

The qualitative screening of steroids revealed that these phytochemicals are absent from all the extracts while very small traces of terpenoids could be visually observed in gooseberry

SO4

is slowly dropped. A

OH

There are three different standard phytochemical methods:



**Table 13.** Qualitative screening of glycosides Keller-Killiani test is positive for both aqueous extracts.
