**3. Myocardial fibrosis in HIV**

Myocardial fibrosis an important reason of development and progression systolic and diastolic cardiac failure [55]. There is histological evidence of interstitial fibrosis at autopsy in 40% of subjects with HIV infection [29]. CMR studies have demonstrated a prevalence of focal fibrosis in asymptomatic HIV infected individuals of close to 80% (**Figure 5**) [22, 23, 25, 56]. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis estimated by extracellular volume (ECV) calculation was also found to be elevated in HIV infected individuals [56].

**Figure 5.** Late post gadolinium images showing mid-wall focal fibrosis in the basal inferolateral wall in (a) 3-chamber view and in the lateral wall in (B) short-axis (white arrows depict the fibrosis).
