**3. Human papillomavirus**

The risk of vertical transmission is 25–30%, depending on CD4, viral load, STDs, nutritional status and previous pregnancies. With the use of zidovudine (AZT) medication, the risk of

The risk of infection of the fetus is greater when, during pregnancy, the woman shows signs of AIDS or has recently been infected. The baby is born with the antibodies of the mother, and every child born to women with AIDS has tested positive for HIV, and only 18 months after birth, the child begins to produce its own antibodies. Subsequently, the serological test with

There are several symptoms related to HIV infection. Depending on the stage of infection, such as an acute infection, occurs approximately 2-6 weeks after exposure to the virus.

In general, the most common constitutional signs and symptoms are fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, exanthema (= Rash), papular papular erythema and mucocutaneous ulcers

In acute infection, there is a violent replication of HIV in the body, and only when a viral load (quantity of virus per ml in the blood) is reached, the body reacts, causing that viral load to decrease to a certain level, thus generally remaining from 8 to 10 years, when the body start to lose their ability to respond. The immune window is the space where the body cannot identify HIV. Only after severe infection by HIV, the virus can be identified, thus forming antibodies that, even so, are unable to contain the advancement of infection. For a period between 3 weeks to 6 months, the blood does not have antibodies to HIV; this means that an anti-HIV

The objective of this review is to guide the dental surgeon in the diagnosis and treatment of

Oral alterations in HIV patients are vast, comprising more than 40 manifestations, which many times appear as the first manifestations of the disease, or even today, as an important identifier of therapeutic failure. Early diagnosis of oral lesions due to HIV infection is important to define the stage of the disease or indicate the possibility of HIV infection in undiagnosed individuals, since oral manifestations are usually the first signs of infection. Oral exams are an essential component for the early recognition of disease progression and overall assessment

The evaluation by the dental professional should include resolution of emergency problems such as pain, abscesses, ulcerated lesions and other acute infections, guidance on local procedures, resolution of chronic problems and resolution of traditional treatment. HIV patients are afflicted with multiple diseases and are medicated with several different drugs. The patient's medical history should be carefully considered, and important aspects should be noted [11, 12].

vertical transmission dropped to 8%.

162 Advances in HIV and AIDS Control

(mouth, esophagus and genital organs).

serological test can give a false-negative result.

**2. Oral neoplasms**

of HIV-infected patients [9, 10].

oral neoplasms that are common in patients with HIV/AIDS.

positive result indicates that the child is HIV positive.

The human papillomavirus appears in the oral mucosa of the white, vegetative, proliferative lesion, a wartlike appearance, similar to cauliflower. And its etiology is by Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is presented as synonymy: cock crest, crested alligator, venereal wart, vulgar verruca, genital wart, and condyloma acuminata. HPV has more than 200 subtypes: pairs 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 18, 32 are responsible for vegetative lesions in the oral cavity. Subtypes 16 and 18 are most related to induction for the development of malignant neoplasms [13].

Viruses belong to the papoviridase family that penetrates by absorption into microtraumatized regions, being highly infective. They present a high recurrence rate, with a tendency to reinfection. Incubation is generally 1–8 months for the onset of the first lesion, the active phase depends on the immune response. In the late phase, it is 9 months/years [14].

The main co-factors for HPV are smoking, alcohol, stress, low immunity (HIV/AIDS), sexual promiscuity and hygiene.

Diagnosis may be clinical (noting formations known as condyloma and/or papilloma), or subclinical by histopathological study, and latent biomolecular analyzes by in situ hybridization or PCR techniques [15].

The incidence in general is usually from 10 to 25% in the oral cavity [16].
