**3. Conclusion**

not only cause severe postvaccination complications but the progression of HIV infection. In Russia until 2010, BCG vaccination was allowed after the complete exclusion of HIV infection

Currently, due to the implementation of prevention of HIV transmission from a mother during gestation and delivery, the frequency of children infection was reduced from 40 to 2%. Considering this fact, the prohibition to administer the BCG vaccine to children born from HIV-infected mothers was lifted in the absence of a child's immunodeficiency and after a

According to our data, among 25 children with subsequent TB/HIV, 17 children (68%) were vaccinated with BCG vaccine. However, 10 children of 17 vaccinated ones (58.8%) were immunized in a maternity hospital, the remaining eight children—at a later time—in 6 months to 2 years old. Subsequently, generalized forms of tuberculosis were diagnosed in four children vaccinated earlier with BCG; two of them had suspected generalized BCG infection. Thus, in the presence of immunodeficiency, immunization with the BCG vaccine increases the risk of a transient increase of HIV replication and the development of postvaccination complications

When prescribing the preventive treatment and the chemoprophylaxis, the additional TB risk

the lack of BCG vaccination (BCG-M), in contact with a TB patient, the age of children between 3 years old and adolescence, and chronic nonspecific diseases of different organs and systems, immunodeficiency, drug abuse, low material level, migration, and homelessness among chil-

Children and adolescents for the preventive treatment shall be selected by a phtisiologist, if

Preventive treatment is performed for children: due to contact with a tuberculosis patient, with latent tuberculosis infection (in the case of positive results of DST and tests with tuberculous antigens in vitro), hyperergic reaction to tuberculin, the enhancing reaction to tuberculin, MBT in combination with nonspecific risk factors, and in the presence of the

The preventive treatment of tuberculosis for children with HIV infection is carried out depending on the level of the immunodeficiency. In the absence of immunodeficiency at the early stages of HIV infection, the preventive treatment is carried out under the general rules. The duration of the preventive treatment with doubtful and positive reaction to Diaskin test is not less than 6 months with two TB medicines. In the presence of immunodeficiency, the chemoprophylaxis shall be prescribed individually. With a moderate immunodeficiency and negative results of immunodiagnostics, the preventive treatment is prescribed for 3–6 months with two TB medicines. For significant and severe immunodeficiency, the preventive treatment is indicated regardless of the results of immunodiagnostics with two TB medicines to increase CD4 over the criteria of the evident immunodeficiency,

in a child of 18 months of age [9].

156 Advances in HIV and AIDS Control

three-stage prevention of HIV infection.

with the generalization of BCG infection.

factors shall be considered:

dren and adolescents.

immunodeficiency.

but not less than 6 months.

*2.5.2. Preventive treatment and chemoprophylaxis of tuberculosis*

necessary together with a specialist in HIV infection.

Thus, tuberculosis and HIV infection in children are the serious problems of the modern medicine. There is the tendency to increasing the number of children with tuberculosis and HIV infection due to the increase in the number of patients with HIV and tuberculosis among young women, in most cases, with antisocial lifestyle. The presence of immunodeficiency of varying severity in children with HIV infection makes early detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis by conventional methods difficult and requires the use of a wide range of diagnostic procedures and the use of new diagnostic methods.

The treatment of children with TB/HIV coinfection due to the late TB detection also has certain features. These children shall be followed up jointly by a phtisiologist, an infectiologist, and a pediatrician. BCG vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and preventive treatment of these children require a differentiated approach in each case. Promotion of the healthy lifestyle, the fight against drug addiction, and improving health literacy, especially among young persons and women of reproductive age, are important for the prevention of the development of tuberculosis and HIV in children.
