**8. Conclusion**

Neurological HIV disease remains a common and often serious reality, particularly in developing countries. Both adult and pediatric populations are at risk; it is important for the physician to be able to recognize and treat both the common and uncommon manifestations.

Opportunistic infections continue to dominate the picture in the developing world, where the locally endemic infections like tuberculosis stand out as underlying etiologies.

Despite advances in antiretroviral therapies the CNS remains at risk due to its sanctuary status protected by the blood brain barrier and the potential of viral escape in this compartment. However, antiretroviral treatment has started and will continue to moderate and improve neurological HIV disease.
