**Meet the editor**

Felicia M. Ferreri graduated summa cum laude from the University of Messina, Italy, in 1998 and completed her ophthalmology residency at the Policlinico Universitario, Messina, in 2002. She was interned at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan (corneal section) and at the Hospital Careggi in Florence (pediatric ophthalmology diseases). She spent research periods in Seville (Virginio del Rocio

Hospital), Madrid (San Carlos Hospital), Manchester (Bolton Hospital), and Rio de Janiero (Universidade Fluminense).

She has served as coinvestigator for many national and international clinical trials. Since 2002, she has been an assistant professor in ophthalmology at the University of Messina. Her research interests are in the areas of glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, and cataract. She has authored more than 50 scientific papers.

Contents

**Preface VII**

**Development 1**

**Function 11**

**Section 1 Anatomy of the Optic Nerve and Anomalies in its**

Felicia M. Ferreri and Giuseppina Ferreri

Chapter 2 **Anatomy of the Human Optic Nerve: Structure and**

Rojas, Alberto Triviño and José M. Ramírez

Chapter 4 **Optic Nerve Changes in Diabetic Retinopathy 85**

**Optical Coherence Tomography 107** Bilyana Mihaylova and Galina Dimitrova

Chapter 6 **Clinical Assessment of Lesions Compressing the**

**Visual Pathway 125**

Lawan Abdu

Hind Alkatan, Daniah Alshowaeir and Tariq Alzahem

**Section 2 Clinical Challenges in Optic Nerve Disorder Management 105**

**Layers in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma with Spectral-Domain**

Chapter 5 **Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Inner Macular**

Chapter 3 **Optic Nerve: Developmental Anomalies and**

**Common Tumors 57**

Andi Arus Victor

Chapter 1 **Introductory Chapter: The Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy 3**

Juan J. Salazar, Ana I. Ramírez, Rosa De Hoz, Elena Salobrar-Garcia, Pilar Rojas, José A. Fernández-Albarral, Inés López-Cuenca, Blanca

## Contents

**Preface XI**


Lawan Abdu

#### **X** Contents

## Chapter 7 **Contribution to the Optic Nerve 139**

Preface

researchers and clinicians.

and, ultimately, surgeons.

ders and making a diagnosis.

for the more experienced clinicians.

flow, glial barriers, and the lamina cribrosa.

The study of the optic nerve, its structure, functioning, and disorders is a key topic for both

Many pathologies in fact can affect the optic nerve: some of them are congenital (think of myelinated nerve fibers, morning glory syndrome, choristoma, and rare anomalies to name a few), while others can be classified as tumors both in primary form (i.e., if neoplasia sur‐ rounds the optic nerve sheath) and secondary form (relevant examples are medulloepithe‐ lioma, optic nerve meningioma, and others). Optic nerve examination is arguably the most important component of the evaluation of a glaucoma patient. The appearance of the optic

Due to the variety and complexity of disorders affecting the optic nerve, both researchers and physicians need a comprehensive reference that starts from detailing the anatomy of the optic nerve, illustrates how the most modern diagnostic procedures (think of imaging tech‐ niques) can be effectively employed for clinical purposes, and, last but not the least, shows how to manage complex clinical cases that may occur in the daily life of an ophthalmologist. This book aims to elevate itself as an authoritative reference that can help broad and hetero‐ geneous audiences, ranging from resident students to clinicians, neuroscientists, researchers,

The book is divided into two main sections: it starts by reviewing in detail the anatomy of the optic nerve with special emphasis on the optic nerve head and chiasm. Organization of the optic nerve into regions is explored in detail with a thorough discussion of axoplasmic

This book then concentrates on embryology, physiology, and pathology of the optic nerve and introduces clinical features and imaging findings that help clinicians in detecting disor‐

The book will explore in detail the relationship between neuroendocrine structures and functional/structural modifications occurring in the optic nerve: a first example is drawn by diabetic retinopathy and we will pay a special attention to changes to the optic nerve it gen‐

We will also discuss diagnostic tests (e.g., optical coherence tomography and visual evoked

We will finally shift to analysis of optic nerve head drusen, a class of congenital anomalies that may produce a progressive optic neuropathy but are hard to detect and manage even

> **Felicia M. Ferreri** University of Messina

> > Messina, Italy

potential) that allow us to detect structural and functional changes to the optic nerve.

erates such as diabetic papillopathy and neovascularization of the optic disc.

nerve is therefore crucial to diagnose glaucoma and detect its progression.

Marija Radenković
