**Meet the editor**

Prof. Krzysztof Biernat, PhD (Mech. Eng.), is acting as the head of the Department of Fuels and Bioeconomy, is a coordinator of the Polish Technology Platform for Biofuels, and is also a member of the Coordination Committee of Polish Technology Platform of Bioeconomy. He is also a lecturer at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University. He is a member of the Scientific Board of Automo-

tive Industry Institute as the chairman of the science commission. He is a leading expert in the International Renewable Energy Agency and an expert in the International Energy Agency and many operational programs. He specializes in chemical thermodynamics of environmental processes as well as obtaining technologies, quality evaluation and use of exploitative liquids, including biofuels, and biorefinery systems. He received many national and foreign distinctions, decoration and orders for scientific and pro-innovative activities. He is an author of above 250 publications in the area of properties and exploitative conditionings of fuels, biofuels and other liquids as well as environmental protection.

Contents

**Preface VII**

Krzysztof Biernat

**Section 2 Biogas and Biomethane 13**

**in Mexico 15**

Chapter 3 **Biomethane as Transport Fuel 37**

and Jesica R. Canizo

**Enzymatic Saccharification 55**

Chapter 1 **Introductory Chapter: Prospective Biofuels 3**

Chapter 2 **The Potential for Biogas Production from Agriculture Wastes**

Salvador Carlos Hernandez and Lourdes Diaz Jimenez

Magdalena Rogulska, Paweł Bukrejewski and Ewa Krasuska

Chapter 4 **Pretreatment Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm Tree for Improving**

**Bermuda Grass into Second-Generation Bioethanol 77** Erick Heredia-Olea, Sergio O. Serna-Saldivar, Esther Perez-Carrillo

Sutikno Sutikno and Muhammad Kismurtono

Chapter 5 **Conversion of High Biomass/Bagasse from Sorghum and**

**Section 1 Introduction 1**

**Section 3 Bioethanol 53**

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**


Chapter 5 **Conversion of High Biomass/Bagasse from Sorghum and Bermuda Grass into Second-Generation Bioethanol 77** Erick Heredia-Olea, Sergio O. Serna-Saldivar, Esther Perez-Carrillo and Jesica R. Canizo

#### **Section 4 Biodiesel 91**

Chapter 6 **Review of Catalytic Transesterification Methods for Biodiesel Production 93**

Sadia Nasreen, Muhammad Nafees, Liaqat Ali Qureshi, Muhammad Shahbaz Asad, Ali Sadiq and Syed Danial Ali

Preface

The intention of the publisher was to present the book covering a wide review of biofuels, mainly, in the area of the current status and future perspectives of their development. Bio‐ fuels, as energy carriers, are located in the group of alternative fuels designed mainly for powering the engines as a means of transport or as bioliquids for fueling any types of sta‐ tionary devices. Depending on the region or country, the advancement of research of the development of biofuels is dictated mainly by raw materials, environmental aspects, local legal conditions, research potential and, most importantly, demand and social acceptance. Therefore, the proposals of chapters submitted by the authors did not always meet the ex‐ pectations of the publisher, due to the varying degree of advanced work on the develop‐ ment of biofuels, represented by specific research centers. Currently, in the highly industrialized countries, there is a clear trend in the transition from the production of socalled first-generation biofuels (conventional) to work on the development of the second and higher generations of biofuels (advanced biofuels), which results mainly from environ‐ mental and raw material reasons as well as from the requirements of modern internal com‐ bustion engines in relation to energy carriers, because fuels, including biofuels and other alternative fuels intended for supplying combustion engines and heating devices, must meet specific requirements directly related to process evaporation and combustion of fuel and in‐ directly with ensuring proper efficiency, fuel consumption and environmental protection as

As already mentioned, the presented book is based on selected materials that take into ac‐ count the state and stage of research, production and use of biofuels in the countries repre‐ sented by the authors. These materials, therefore, are not only informative but also cognitive, although they mainly concern conditions in the field of conventional biofuels. It should be expected that the next book will cover the issues of advanced biofuels described above, which

In the field of systematics regarding the naming and technology of biofuels, especially ad‐ vanced biofuels, there are various divisions and classifications, not always consistent with the current state of knowledge in this field. Research experiences and experiments carried out on pilot and demonstration installations have led to the development of correct taxono‐ my and even to the creation of strict and unambiguous definitions, applicable especially in European Union countries. Therefore, the book contains the first section as an introduction in which there is an introductory chapter, defining types of biofuels, their distribution and future biofuels, including methods of obtaining them. This is particularly important in the field of defining biofuels, both the third and fourth generations, which in many publications are defined and described in a not very precise, and even incorrect way. This chapter is a

will pass from the demonstration or pilot stage in the stage of common production.

well as in general ensuring rationality of exploitation.

synthesis of previous publications of the author of this chapter.

Chapter 7 **Ultrasound Methods for Biodiesel Production and Analysis 121** Pâmella A. Oliveira, Raphaela M. Baesso, Gabriel C. Moraes, André

V. Alvarenga and Rodrigo P.B. Costa-Félix

Chapter 8 **Kinetics of Transesterification Processes for Biodiesel Production 149**

Fernando Trejo-Zárraga, Felipe de Jesús Hernández-Loyo, Juan Carlos Chavarría-Hernández and Rogelio Sotelo-Boyás

Chapter 9 **Study About Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Diesel Engines Fueled with B20 181** Luis Manuel Ventura Serrano and Manuel Gameiro da Silva

Chapter 10 **Cultivation Systems of Microalgae for the Production of**

**Biofuels 199** Yordanka Reyes Cruz, Donato A.G. Aranda, Peter R. Seidl, Gisel C. Diaz, Rene G. Carliz, Mariana M. Fortes, Deusa A.M.P. da Ponte and Rosa C.V. de Paula


## Preface

**Section 4 Biodiesel 91**

**VI** Contents

**Production 93**

**Analysis 121**

**Production 149**

**Biofuels 199**

Rosa C.V. de Paula

**Processes 245**

**Point of View 273**

Giudici and Martin Schmal

Chapter 6 **Review of Catalytic Transesterification Methods for Biodiesel**

Shahbaz Asad, Ali Sadiq and Syed Danial Ali

Chapter 7 **Ultrasound Methods for Biodiesel Production and**

V. Alvarenga and Rodrigo P.B. Costa-Félix

Chapter 8 **Kinetics of Transesterification Processes for Biodiesel**

**in Diesel Engines Fueled with B20 181**

Chapter 10 **Cultivation Systems of Microalgae for the Production of**

Chapter 11 **Potential of Biofuel Usage in Turkey's Energy Supply 221** Sirri Uyanik, Yavuz Sucu and Zeynep Zaimoglu

Chapter 12 **Prospective Biodegradable Plastics from Biomass Conversion**

Chapter 13 **Syngas Production Using Natural Gas from the Environmental**

Fabrício C. de Paula, Carolina B.C. de Paula and Jonas Contiero

Karina Tamião de Campos Roseno, Rita M. de B. Alves, Reinaldo

**Section 5 Biofuels, Alternative Fuels, Biorefineries 219**

Sadia Nasreen, Muhammad Nafees, Liaqat Ali Qureshi, Muhammad

Pâmella A. Oliveira, Raphaela M. Baesso, Gabriel C. Moraes, André

Fernando Trejo-Zárraga, Felipe de Jesús Hernández-Loyo, Juan

Carlos Chavarría-Hernández and Rogelio Sotelo-Boyás

Chapter 9 **Study About Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Fuel Consumption**

Luis Manuel Ventura Serrano and Manuel Gameiro da Silva

Yordanka Reyes Cruz, Donato A.G. Aranda, Peter R. Seidl, Gisel C. Diaz, Rene G. Carliz, Mariana M. Fortes, Deusa A.M.P. da Ponte and

The intention of the publisher was to present the book covering a wide review of biofuels, mainly, in the area of the current status and future perspectives of their development. Bio‐ fuels, as energy carriers, are located in the group of alternative fuels designed mainly for powering the engines as a means of transport or as bioliquids for fueling any types of sta‐ tionary devices. Depending on the region or country, the advancement of research of the development of biofuels is dictated mainly by raw materials, environmental aspects, local legal conditions, research potential and, most importantly, demand and social acceptance. Therefore, the proposals of chapters submitted by the authors did not always meet the ex‐ pectations of the publisher, due to the varying degree of advanced work on the develop‐ ment of biofuels, represented by specific research centers. Currently, in the highly industrialized countries, there is a clear trend in the transition from the production of socalled first-generation biofuels (conventional) to work on the development of the second and higher generations of biofuels (advanced biofuels), which results mainly from environ‐ mental and raw material reasons as well as from the requirements of modern internal com‐ bustion engines in relation to energy carriers, because fuels, including biofuels and other alternative fuels intended for supplying combustion engines and heating devices, must meet specific requirements directly related to process evaporation and combustion of fuel and in‐ directly with ensuring proper efficiency, fuel consumption and environmental protection as well as in general ensuring rationality of exploitation.

As already mentioned, the presented book is based on selected materials that take into ac‐ count the state and stage of research, production and use of biofuels in the countries repre‐ sented by the authors. These materials, therefore, are not only informative but also cognitive, although they mainly concern conditions in the field of conventional biofuels. It should be expected that the next book will cover the issues of advanced biofuels described above, which will pass from the demonstration or pilot stage in the stage of common production.

In the field of systematics regarding the naming and technology of biofuels, especially ad‐ vanced biofuels, there are various divisions and classifications, not always consistent with the current state of knowledge in this field. Research experiences and experiments carried out on pilot and demonstration installations have led to the development of correct taxono‐ my and even to the creation of strict and unambiguous definitions, applicable especially in European Union countries. Therefore, the book contains the first section as an introduction in which there is an introductory chapter, defining types of biofuels, their distribution and future biofuels, including methods of obtaining them. This is particularly important in the field of defining biofuels, both the third and fourth generations, which in many publications are defined and described in a not very precise, and even incorrect way. This chapter is a synthesis of previous publications of the author of this chapter.

The essential 12 chapters were accepted from the submitted materials, which were grouped in the next four sections. The second section, which includes gas biofuels, contains two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) covering the production processes of biogas from waste substances on the example of Mexico and the very important issues for the use of biomethane in transport.

The third section is represented by Chapter 4 on the possibility of using waste fruit palm tree (EFBOPT) for the production of second-generation bioethanol and Chapter 5 containing considerations in the field of high biomass/bagasse from sorghum and Bermuda grass as a raw material for the production of second-generation bioethanol.

Due to the generality of production and the degree of utilization, the fourth section on bio‐ diesel includes Chapters 6–10, which include, inter alia, a review of catalytic transesterifica‐ tion methods, description of ultrasonic methods in the production and analysis of biodiesel and kinetics of transesterification processes. This section also contains Chapter 9 dedicated to the research on the nitrogen oxide emissions of B20-fueled engines and the final chapter of this section, which discusses the systems of modern bioreactors for the cultivation of al‐ gae as raw materials for the production of second-generation biodiesel.

The fifth section includes Chapter 11 defining the potential for the use of biofuels in Turkey and Chapter 12 covering the very prospective biorefinery technology in the field of produc‐ tion technology for biodegradable biomass-derived plastics. The last chapter, Chapter 13, goes somewhat beyond the thematic area of the book and defines the environmental condi‐ tions for obtaining synthetic gas from natural gas. This chapter has been included in the book, because in both our own research and literature data, it can be expected that synthesis gas in the future, including waste biomass, may prove to be a universal raw material for biofuel production and depending on the origin also for the production of effective and adaptable alternative fuels.

Finally, on behalf of the authors and my own, I would like to thank Mrs. Maja Bozicevic, Au‐ thor Service Manager from IntechOpen Publishing House, for the patience, understanding and, most importantly, effective coordination of the complex publishing process of this book.

I dedicate this book to my daughter Ewa, who stimulated and mobilized me to work on the edition of this book. I hope that Ewa's knowledge of her specialization, which is psychology, will allow us in the future to develop a book on the psychological determinants of the proc‐ esses of biofuels and other alternative fuels, which may be important for the development prospects and social acceptance of these energy carriers.

> **Prof. Krzysztof Biernat** Automotive Industry Institute Warsaw, Poland

**Introduction**

**Section 1**

**Section 1**
