**3. Research methodology**

The purpose of the research study is investigating of workplace deviance in the primary and high schools in Egypt. Therefore, the study is an attempt to answer the following question:

Are there significant differences between the primary and high schools with regard to workplace deviance?

**3.3. Measure**

Calculated from data.

**Table 2.** Reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha).

a

**3.4. Method of analysis**

in **Table 2**.

**4. Findings**

The study used self-report measure—a workplace deviance scale [19]— which is based on two-factor model. It has been the most used measure of workplace deviance scale [31].

Workplace Deviance Behaviors

31

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75941

The scale consists of 19 items, 12 items measured organizational deviance (OD) and 7 items measured interpersonal deviance (ID). Respondents were asked to rate how often they engaged in each behavior, from 1 (never engaging in the behavior) to 7 (engaging in the behavior daily). Overall deviance was computed as the unit average of ID and OD scale

The unit of analysis for this study is individual. A total of 293 managerial employees in the primary schools and 63 of managerial employees in the high schools at civilization cities at Dakahlia region were randomly selected to participate in this survey. The questionnaires were distributed to them and administered personally by the researcher after preparing the

Frequency distribution was used to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable and to express these counts into percentage terms. Next, reliability analysis was conducted as an indication for the stability and consistency with which the instrument measures the concept and helps to access the goodness of a measure as shown

Lastly, SPSS Version 17 was used for the statistical data analysis. Mean and standard deviation values of all variables used in this study were used to determine the level that primary and high schools performed for the interpersonal and organizational deviance variables. Chisquare and t-test were performed in order to examine the hypothesis of the research, by examining whether the mean scores on the interpersonal and organizational deviance variables

The main research question that was explored is whether or not there are significant differ-

ences between the primary and high schools with regard to workplace deviance.

scores. Responses on these items were summed to form a total deviance score.

**Measures Cronbach's alphaa**

Interpersonal deviance 0.81 Organizational deviance 0.85 Workplace deviance 0.84

translation of the workplace deviance scale instrument into Arabic language.

were statistically different for the primary and high schools.

#### **3.1. Research hypothesis**

There are significant differences between the primary and high schools with regard to workplace deviance. Hence, we developed our other hypotheses as follows:

**H1**.There are significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools with regard to interpersonal deviance.

**H2**.There are significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools with regard to organizational deviance.

#### **3.2. Samples**

The study was conducted among a broad sample of managerial employees in the primary and high schools at Dakahlia region.

In total, 356 people are the sample size of study that are divided into 293 of managerial employees in the primary schools and 63 of managerial employees in high schools at civilization cities at Dakahlia region; the study did not include schools in village counties.

A total of 356 questionnaires were distributed to managerial employees in the primary and high schools at civilization cities at Dakahlia region.

Two hundred thirty-nine of the questionnaires were returned, 138 females and 101 males participated, 188 of these were managerial employees in primary schools, and 51 of these were managerial employees in high schools at civilization cities. 67.1% of the sample is shown in **Table 1**.


**Table 1.** Study samples.


**Table 2.** Reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha).

#### **3.3. Measure**

psychological needs of the subordinate. By definition, abusive supervision encompasses behaviors which are likely to negatively impact an individual's basic psychological needs [35].

The purpose of the research study is investigating of workplace deviance in the primary and high schools in Egypt. Therefore, the study is an attempt to answer the following question: Are there significant differences between the primary and high schools with regard to work-

There are significant differences between the primary and high schools with regard to work-

**H1**.There are significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and

**H2**.There are significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and

The study was conducted among a broad sample of managerial employees in the primary and

In total, 356 people are the sample size of study that are divided into 293 of managerial employees in the primary schools and 63 of managerial employees in high schools at civiliza-

A total of 356 questionnaires were distributed to managerial employees in the primary and

Two hundred thirty-nine of the questionnaires were returned, 138 females and 101 males participated, 188 of these were managerial employees in primary schools, and 51 of these were managerial employees in high schools at civilization cities. 67.1% of the sample is shown in **Table 1**.

> **Sample sizes**

Primary schools 4051 293 188 64.2 High schools 866 63 51 80.9 Total 4917 356 251 67.1

**Respondent sample** 

**Respondent percentage**

**sizesa**

tion cities at Dakahlia region; the study did not include schools in village counties.

place deviance. Hence, we developed our other hypotheses as follows:

high schools with regard to interpersonal deviance.

high schools with regard to organizational deviance.

high schools at civilization cities at Dakahlia region.

**Number of managerial** 

**employees**

**3. Research methodology**

place deviance?

30 Leadership

**3.2. Samples**

a

Calculated from data.

**Table 1.** Study samples.

**3.1. Research hypothesis**

high schools at Dakahlia region.

The study used self-report measure—a workplace deviance scale [19]— which is based on two-factor model. It has been the most used measure of workplace deviance scale [31].

The scale consists of 19 items, 12 items measured organizational deviance (OD) and 7 items measured interpersonal deviance (ID). Respondents were asked to rate how often they engaged in each behavior, from 1 (never engaging in the behavior) to 7 (engaging in the behavior daily). Overall deviance was computed as the unit average of ID and OD scale scores. Responses on these items were summed to form a total deviance score.

The unit of analysis for this study is individual. A total of 293 managerial employees in the primary schools and 63 of managerial employees in the high schools at civilization cities at Dakahlia region were randomly selected to participate in this survey. The questionnaires were distributed to them and administered personally by the researcher after preparing the translation of the workplace deviance scale instrument into Arabic language.

#### **3.4. Method of analysis**

Frequency distribution was used to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable and to express these counts into percentage terms. Next, reliability analysis was conducted as an indication for the stability and consistency with which the instrument measures the concept and helps to access the goodness of a measure as shown in **Table 2**.

Lastly, SPSS Version 17 was used for the statistical data analysis. Mean and standard deviation values of all variables used in this study were used to determine the level that primary and high schools performed for the interpersonal and organizational deviance variables. Chisquare and t-test were performed in order to examine the hypothesis of the research, by examining whether the mean scores on the interpersonal and organizational deviance variables were statistically different for the primary and high schools.
