**5. Discussion and conclusions**

As shown in **Table 4**, the t-test value for the interpersonal deviance measure was (5.21), p = 0.29 > 0.01. Therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools with regard to interpersonal deviance measure; therefore, we reject hypotheses 1 (H1).

Means and standard deviation values didn't perform interpersonal deviance; it can be seen that the mean scores are 3.32 for primary schools and 3.26 for high schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

Also, as shown in **Table 4**, the t-test value for the organizational deviance measure was (7.86), p = 0.22 > 0.01. Therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employ-


**Table 4.** Descriptive statistics and the results of the t-test for interpersonal and organizational deviance measures.

ees in the primary and high schools with regard to organizational deviance measure; therefore, we reject hypotheses 2 (H2).

Means and standard deviation values didn't perform organizational deviance; it can be seen that the mean scores are 3.17 for primary schools and 3.09 for high schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

**Table 5** presents the descriptive statistics and the results of the t-test for interpersonal deviance variables.

The t-test value for the variable "made fun of someone at work" was (2.18), p = 0.11 > 0.01; therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools with regard to the mentioned variable.

The initial step in the data analysis was to compute descriptive statistics for the workplace deviance and its variables related to interpersonal and organizational deviance used in

**Schools Mean SD t-test χ***<sup>2</sup>*

High 3.28 1.05 11.24 0.28 53.19 0.17

 **test**

Value p-Value

As shown in **Table 3**, means and standard deviations depict that workplace deviance has mean values more than 3.5, which is the median value of the scale. We can find that on the base of the respondents' opinion the workplace deviance is over than the midpoint of scale. p-Value of the t-test and Chi-square more than 0.01 that refers to *nonstatistical differences* was

Means and standard deviation values didn't perform workplace deviance; it can be seen that the mean scores are 3.34 for primary schools and 3.28 for high schools, and they were under

The second step in the data analysis was to compute descriptive statistics for the interpersonal

As shown in **Table 4**, the t-test value for the interpersonal deviance measure was (5.21), p = 0.29 > 0.01. Therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools with regard to interpersonal deviance measure; therefore,

Means and standard deviation values didn't perform interpersonal deviance; it can be seen that the mean scores are 3.32 for primary schools and 3.26 for high schools, and they were

Also, as shown in **Table 4**, the t-test value for the organizational deviance measure was (7.86), p = 0.22 > 0.01. Therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employ-

**schools**

Interpersonal deviance 3.26 3.32 0.87 0.72 5.21 0.29 Organizational deviance 3.09 3.17 0.61 0.66 7.86 0.22

**Table 4.** Descriptive statistics and the results of the t-test for interpersonal and organizational deviance measures.

**Mean Standard deviation t-Test**

**High schools Primary** 

**schools**

**t-Value p-Value**

noted between the primary and high schools with regard to workplace deviance.

Workplace deviance Primary 3.34 0.93 t-Value p-Value χ*<sup>2</sup>*

**Table 3.** Workplace deviance means, standard deviations, chi-square, and t-test.

research.

32 Leadership

the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

**5. Discussion and conclusions**

we reject hypotheses 1 (H1).

and organizational deviance used in research.

under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

**Measures High schools Primary** 

Means and standard deviation values of the variable perform interpersonal deviance behaviors; it can be seen that the mean scores are 3.87 for high schools and 3.51 for primary schools for "made fun of someone at work" variable, and they were above the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

The t-test value for the variables "said something hurtful to someone at work," "made an ethnic, religious, or racial remark at work," "cursed at someone at work," "acted rudely toward someone at work," and "publicly embarrassed someone at work" ranges in-between 3.42 and 3.31, and P ranges in-between 0.21 and 1.42 > 0.01; therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools about the mentioned variables.

Means and standard deviation values of the variable didn't perform interpersonal deviance behaviors for "made an ethnic, religious, or racial remark at work" variable; it can be seen that the mean scores are in-between 3.26 and 3.37 for primary and high schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.


**Table 5.** The descriptive statistics and the t-test for interpersonal deviance variables.

The t-test value for the variables "played a mean prank on someone at work" was (1.67), p = 0.00 < 0.01; therefore, there are significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools with regard to the mentioned variable.

Means and standard deviation values of the variable "played a mean prank on someone at work" perform interpersonal deviance behaviors for primary schools; it can be seen that the mean scores is 3.75, and it is above the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale. But means and standard deviation values of the variable didn't perform interpersonal deviance behaviors for high schools; it can be seen that the mean scores is 3.18, and it is under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

The findings of the present study agrees with Shamsudin et al.'s findings [36] explaining that 68.7% variance was found.

**Table 6** presents the descriptive statistics and the results of the t-test for organizational deviance variables.

The t-test value for the variables "taken property from work without permission," "spent too much time fantasizing or daydreaming instead of working," "falsified a receipt to get reimbursed for more money than you spent on business expenses," "taken an additional or longer break than is acceptable at your workplace," "neglected to follow your boss's instructions," "intentionally worked slower than you could have worked," and "used an illegal drug or consumed alcohol on job" ranges in-between 1.85 and 2.63, and P ranges in-between 0.18 and 0.96, > 0.01; therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools about the mentioned variables.

Means and standard deviation values of the variable didn't perform organizational deviance behaviors; it can be seen that the mean scores are in-between 1.88 and 3.27 for primary and high schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

The t-test value for the variables "come in late to work without permission," "littered your work environment," "discussed confidential company information with an unauthorized person," "put little effort into your work," and "dragged out of work in order to get overtime" ranges in-between 1.44 and 2.54, P = 0.00 < 0.01; therefore, there are significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools about the mentioned variables.

of work in order to get overtime" didn't perform organizational deviance behaviors for high schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are in-between 2.43 and 2.67 for high schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale. But the means and standard deviation values of the same variables perform organizational deviance behaviors for primary schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are in-between 3.58 and 3.77 for primary schools, and they

**Mean Standard deviation t-test**

**High schools**

2.73 2.82 0.92 0.62 2.63 0.29

3.06 2.68 0.95 1.16 1.85 0.38

3.18 3.24 1.03 1.14 1.88 0.18

3.03 2.85 0.98 1.25 1.94 0.71

3.24 2.99 1.52 1.21 1.84 0.96

2.67 3.58 0.89 0.64 2.46 0.00

1.88 1.96 0.98 1.41 1.93 0.47

**Primary schools**

**t-Value p-Value**

35

Workplace Deviance Behaviors

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75941

This finding supported that the managerial employees in the primary and high schools reported low personal and organizational deviance variable scores; they were under the mid-

Also, we found that nonstatistical differences were noted between the primary and high schools with regard to most variables related to personal and organizational deviance, and the means level of primary schools was slightly higher than the means level of high school for

were above the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

**Table 6.** The descriptive statistics and the t-test for organizational deviance variables.

**Measurable variables High** 

Taken property from work without

Spent too much time fantasizing or daydreaming instead of working

acceptable at your workplace

with an unauthorized person

Falsified a receipt to get reimbursed for more money than you spent on business expenses

Taken an additional or longer break than is

Intentionally worked slower than you could

Discussed confidential company information

Used an illegal drug or consumed alcohol

permission

have worked

on job

**schools**

Come in late to work without permission 3.68 2.88 0.85 1.17 1.44 0.00 Littered your work environment 3.59 2.93 1.34 1.28 2.22 0.00 Neglected to follow your boss's instructions 2.95 3.27 1.08 1.15 2.06 0.88

Put little effort into your work 2.53 3.64 1.14 1.37 2.16 0.00 Dragged out of work in order to get overtime 2.43 3.77 1.07 086 2.54 0.00

**Primary schools**

interpersonal deviance and organizational deviance.

point of the rating scale.

Means and standard deviation values of the variables "come in late to work without permission" and "littered your work environment" didn't perform organizational deviance behaviors for primary schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are 2.88 and 2.93 for primary schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale. But the means and standard deviation values of the same variables perform organizational deviance behaviors for high schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are 3.68 and 3.59 for high schools, and they were above the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

Means and standard deviation values of the variables "discussed confidential company information with an unauthorized person," "put little effort into your work," and "dragged out


**Table 6.** The descriptive statistics and the t-test for organizational deviance variables.

The t-test value for the variables "played a mean prank on someone at work" was (1.67), p = 0.00 < 0.01; therefore, there are significant differences between the managerial employees

Means and standard deviation values of the variable "played a mean prank on someone at work" perform interpersonal deviance behaviors for primary schools; it can be seen that the mean scores is 3.75, and it is above the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale. But means and standard deviation values of the variable didn't perform interpersonal deviance behaviors for high schools; it can be

The findings of the present study agrees with Shamsudin et al.'s findings [36] explaining that

**Table 6** presents the descriptive statistics and the results of the t-test for organizational devi-

The t-test value for the variables "taken property from work without permission," "spent too much time fantasizing or daydreaming instead of working," "falsified a receipt to get reimbursed for more money than you spent on business expenses," "taken an additional or longer break than is acceptable at your workplace," "neglected to follow your boss's instructions," "intentionally worked slower than you could have worked," and "used an illegal drug or consumed alcohol on job" ranges in-between 1.85 and 2.63, and P ranges in-between 0.18 and 0.96, > 0.01; therefore, there are no significant differences between the managerial employees

Means and standard deviation values of the variable didn't perform organizational deviance behaviors; it can be seen that the mean scores are in-between 1.88 and 3.27 for primary and

The t-test value for the variables "come in late to work without permission," "littered your work environment," "discussed confidential company information with an unauthorized person," "put little effort into your work," and "dragged out of work in order to get overtime" ranges in-between 1.44 and 2.54, P = 0.00 < 0.01; therefore, there are significant differences between the managerial employees in the primary and high schools about the mentioned

Means and standard deviation values of the variables "come in late to work without permission" and "littered your work environment" didn't perform organizational deviance behaviors for primary schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are 2.88 and 2.93 for primary schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale. But the means and standard deviation values of the same variables perform organizational deviance behaviors for high schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are 3.68 and 3.59 for high schools, and they

Means and standard deviation values of the variables "discussed confidential company information with an unauthorized person," "put little effort into your work," and "dragged out

seen that the mean scores is 3.18, and it is under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

in the primary and high schools with regard to the mentioned variable.

in the primary and high schools about the mentioned variables.

were above the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

high schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

68.7% variance was found.

ance variables.

34 Leadership

variables.

of work in order to get overtime" didn't perform organizational deviance behaviors for high schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are in-between 2.43 and 2.67 for high schools, and they were under the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale. But the means and standard deviation values of the same variables perform organizational deviance behaviors for primary schools; it can be seen that the mean scores are in-between 3.58 and 3.77 for primary schools, and they were above the midpoint of 3.5 on the rating scale.

This finding supported that the managerial employees in the primary and high schools reported low personal and organizational deviance variable scores; they were under the midpoint of the rating scale.

Also, we found that nonstatistical differences were noted between the primary and high schools with regard to most variables related to personal and organizational deviance, and the means level of primary schools was slightly higher than the means level of high school for interpersonal deviance and organizational deviance.
