3. Conclusion

Among the winter genotypes, it was possible to select the lines that formed ear 2–8 days earlier than the standard and had a shorter stem than the standard cv. Moskovskaya 39. Both attributes are of selective importance for the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation, and breeders tend to create early ripening short-stemmed analogues of productive cultivars. This is due to the climatic conditions of the CFDR: abundant rainfall with the wind during the ripening of cereals lead to lodging of cereals and crop losses. Thick stiff short stem provides resistance to lodging. Most of the created lines form a large grain with the mass of 46–60 g and the productive ear at the standard level. Several lines (86-16, 48-16) were selected, which are superior to the standard cultivar according to the productivity of the ear (grain mass from ear of 2.7 and 2.4 g, respectively). Preliminary evaluation of lines by grain quality (protein and gluten content in grain) on an infrared analyzer showed an increased value of these parameters in comparison with the Moskovskaya 39 cultivar, which is a quality standard in the non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The fluctuation of the protein content in the grain

Table 6. Some economically valuable traits of the winter wheat lines with identified genotype of resistance to Pgt.

LSD < p 0.05 25 0.50 Factual <Fttheoretical

\*\*h—heterozygous state of gene.

198 Global Wheat Production

Lines Pedigree genes Days to heading Height, cm Grain per ear, g 1000 grain mass, g

1-16 (113/119)/D/D Sr2h\*\*,22,44,47 257 90 2.1 50.0 149-16 (113/119)/D/D/D Sr2h,22,32,44 262 95 2.2 48.0 198-16 (113/119) Sr31,36 268 130 1.9 52.0 167-16 (113/119)/D/D Sr2h,22,36 260 83 1.7 51.0 165-16 (96/113)/ D/96 Sr2h,36,44 263 97 2.0 47.0 30-16 (96/113)/ D/D/D Sr2h,31,47 260 86 2.0 48.0 16-16 (96/113)/ D/D Sr32h,36 h,22 259 106 1.7 46.0 43-16 (113/96)/ D/D/D Sr2h,22,32,40 259 78 1.5 48.0 45-16 (113/96)/ D/D/D Sr22,32,44 259 87 2.0 54.0 48-16 (113/96)/ D/96 Sr2h,32 h,36 h 260 93 2.4 51.0 54-16 (113/96)/ D/D Sr22,31,32 h,36 h 259 99 1.9 49.0 85-16 (113/96)/96/96 Sr2h,36,47 262 99 2.0 45.0 86-16 (113/96)/96/96 Sr2h,36 263 98 2.7 49.0 99-16 (113/96)/119/96 Sr2h,36,39,47 264 97 1.9 54.0 326-16 (113/96)/119 Sr2,32 264 135 2.1 44.0 103-16 [(119/96) (113 96)]/96 Sr22,36 264 95 1.8 46.0 128-16 (119/96)/ D/ D Sr2h,22,32 261 91 1.9 61.0 138-16 (119/96)/ D/ D Sr2h,22,32 259 98 2.2 57.0 129-16 (119/96)/ D/ D Sr22,32,44 261 84 2.1 63.0 124-16 (119/96)/ D/ 96 Sr2h,22,31,32 262 115 2.3 61.0 131-16 (119/96)/D/96/96 Sr2h,31,36,47 263 90 1.8 49.0 St cv. Moskovskaya 39 265 115 1.9 49.0

During the period 2010–2017, the initial material of spring and winter wheat was developed in the Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka," which differs fundamentally from the varieties of wheat that have been obtained to date. Namely, for the first time, prototypes of cultivars with group resistance to the most widespread fungal diseases in the Central Federal District of Russia (leaf and stem rust and powdery mildew) were developed. Resistance to stem rust is determined by the presence of 2–4 effective resistance genes not only to the European but to the North Caucasian and West Siberian Pgt pathogen populations. Taking into account the presence of the APR gene Sr2 with other effective genes Sr22, Sr32, Sr39, Sr40, Sr44 and Sr47, lines can also have a selection value for regions where the rust race Ug99 is common. The genetic diversity of lines, as far as the spectrum of resistance genes is concerned, differs from that obtained earlier in the world practice. The possibility of creating such genotypes in a short time is explained by the presence of original resistance donors having in their genealogy an alien genetic material of species relatives (Aegilops speltoides, Ae. triuncialis, Triticum kiharae, Secale cereale, T. timopheevii, Ae. tauschii) and the presence of several effective Sr genes in donors identified using specific molecular markers. The advantage of the used donors was the presence of other selection valuable traits such as resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew, early ripeness and the presence of a short stem. As a result of simple, stepped and backcross crossings with subsequent self-pollination, hybrid populations were obtained from which the individual plants were initially selected, and then on their basis, lines were obtained that were tested for resistance to stem rust at three geographical locations: Moscow, Krasnodar and Omsk. According to the results of testing, the progeny in breeding nurseries of the Moscow Oblast and the results of genotypes resistance to stem rust, the lines of spring and winter wheat are selected in three geographical locations, which form the crop at the level of standard cultivars without the use of chemical protection agents during cultivation. This technology allows to get environmentally friendly products for a healthy diet. In fact, these are new prototypes of spring and bread wheat cultivars for the Central Federal District of Russia, which can be used as donors of resistance to stem rust while improving wheat in other regions. These lines have some morphophysiological features such as the presence of anthocyanin on the stem, anthers and grain. The presence of anthocyanins gives the grain an increased content of antioxidants and increased resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, according to the literature. Technological evaluation of the grain from the created lines of spring and winter wheat showed an increased content of protein and gluten in flour, which allows them to be classified as a group of strong wheat and used in mill grist to improve the lower quality grain in baking. However, the quality of gluten in new lines is characterized as satisfactorily weak. An attempt to define a different direction for the use of such grains in the food industry, taking into account grain coloring by anthocyanins, namely, in the production of flour confectionery products (sugar cookies) has been undertaken. Product from whole-wheat flour exceeded the standard baking on the basis of the features of swelling in water, volume, crumbliness and fragility, but in organoleptical indicators was not inferior to the standard. It is concluded that the use of whole-grain flour with increased antioxidant activity for baking confectionery products determines the use of this grain for healthy food (not only because of the lack of residual chemical protection agents not used in cultivating such varieties, but also due to the presence of anthocyanins in the grain and its antioxidant properties). Taking into account the conducted researches, a new direction in selection for the Central Federal District of Russia is defined: development of spring and winter wheat varieties with group resistance to fungus diseases and with grain suitable for healthy nutrition.

References

html

1978

ppa.12019

[1] Central Federal District Economic Natural. Available from: http://studopedya.ru/2-68711.

Genetic Improvement of Bread Wheat for Stem Rust Resistance in the Central Federal Region of Russia: Results…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75379

201

[2] Olivera P, Newcomb M, Flath K, Sommerfeldt N, et al. Characterization of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici isolates derived from an unusual wheat stem rust outbreak in Germany in 2013.

[3] Spread of Damaging Wheat Rust Continues: New Races Found in Europe, Africa, Central

[4] Stakman EC, Levine MN, Loegering WQ. Identification of Physiologic Races of Puccinia

[5] Volkova VT. The population structure of stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis pers. in the middle and low volga. [PhD thesis] Moscow, Russia: Moscow Lomonosov State University;

[6] Lekomtseva SN, Volkova VT, Zaitseva LG, Chaika MN. Pathotypes of wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici from various host plants in 1996–2000. Mycology

[7] Lekomtseva SN, Skolotneva ES, Volkova VT, Zaitseva LG. Assessment of the phenotypes diversity of the causative agent of wheat stem rust Pucinia graminis f. sp. tritici pers. In: The Second All-Russian Conference. Modern Problems of Plant Immunity to Harmful Organisms. St. Petersburg, September 29–October 2, 2008; St. Petersburg: Innovation

[8] Skolotneva ES, Lekomtseva SN, Kosman E. The wheat stem rust pathogen in the Central Region of the Russian Federation. Plant Pathology. 2013;62:1003-1010. DOI: 10.1111/

[9] Lapochkina IF, Baranova OA, Shamanin VP, Volkova GV, et al. The development of the initial material of spring common wheat for breeding for resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici) including the Ug99 race in Russia. Russian Journal of Genetics:

[10] Kiseleva MI, Kolomiets TM, Scolotneva ES, Vetrova MA. Developing stem rust population on winter and spring wheat in Moscow Region in 2014–2017. In: Procceedings of the International Conference "Epidemics of Plant Diseases: Monitoring, Prognosis, Control";

November 13–17 2017; Bolshie Vyazemy, Moscow Region, Russia. 2017. pp. 65-73

[11] Anisimova AV, Steffenson B, Mitrofanova OP, Lapochkina IF, Afanasenko OS. Resistance of assortment of wheat and Aegilops specimens from the collection of VIR to stem rust race Ug99 (TTKSK). In: Tekhnologii sozdaniya i ispol'zovaniya sortov i gibridov s gruppovoi i kompleksnoi ustoichivost'yu k vrednym organizmam v zashchite rastenii (Technologies of Development and Use of Cultivars and Hybrids with Group and Complex Resistance to

Applied Research. 2017;7(3):308-317. DOI: 10.1134/S207905971703008X

Pests in Plant Protection, St. Petersburg). 2010. pp. 153-158. (In Russian)

British Society for Plant Pathology. 2017;66(8):1258-1266. DOI: 10.1111/ppa.12674

Asia. Available from: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/469467/icode/

graminis var. tritici. Washington DC, USA: USDA-ARS; 1962. E617

and Phytopathology. 2004;33:68-74 (in Russian)

Center for Plant Protection; 2008. pp. 63-65 (in Russian)
