**6. Conclusion**

inside the silos. The second danger is the possibility of growth of these conidia and spores, with the availability of moisture, to be innate growths producing very dangerous toxins to humans. In order to prove the first risk in a measurable experimental way, an experiment was conducted to determine the damage that could occur as a result of invasion of conidia and spores of the isolated organisms into human lungs and then into the blood via alveoli

**5. An experiment showing the effect of inhaling spores and conidia** 

Biological effect of spores and conidia of *Aspergillus flavus*, *A. niger*, *Circinella umbellate*, *Gliocladium* sp., *Penicillium frequentans*, *P. islandicum,* and *Ulocladium atrum* on the decomposi-

Results of the study showed the ability of each of the tested fungi to analyze the red blood cells in a human blood sample. There was a disparity in the effect of that on the severity of decomposition (hemolytic activity). *P. frequentans* performed highest response to disruption of the human red blood cells (63%), followed by *Gliocladium* sp. (51%), and *A. niger* (50%), respectively. Conidia and spore suspension of each of *Ulocladium atrum*, *Circinella umbellata*, *Aspergillus flavus,* and *Penicillium islandicum* donated sponses of 23, 22, 20, and 19%, respec-

Despite all evidences from previous studies that confirm the seriousness of isolated fungi on the health of dealers and exposers, we have tested the ability of these fungi on hemolysis

**Figure 9.** Influence of conidia and spore suspension of *Aspergillus flavus*, *A. niger*, *Circinella umbellate*, *Gliocladium* sp., *Penicillium frequentans*, *P. islandicum,* and *Ulocladium atrum* on breakdown of the human red blood cells. Bars above columns symbolize standard error of average data from three replicates and reveal differences between averages of samples related to control. Significant values against control represent: \*\* = highly significant at p ˂ 0.01, \*\*\* = very

**of the isolated fungi on public health of exposed individuals**

in one way or another.

110 Global Wheat Production

tion of red blood cells in humans.

tively (**Figures 9** and **10**).

significant at p ˂ 0.001.

With the steady increase in human numbers and high living and nutrition requirements, it is imperative to increase the production of important cereal crops for large segments of the population. Wheat is a very important component of human needs throughout the world. Therefore, since ancient times people have been interested in working on storing this important and vital commodity to get it in time of need. Granaries and silos were established and they continued to develop until they reached the current structural and architectural design. Nowadays, nearly every country in the world has several silos spread throughout its land to cover the continuing needs of cereals. It should be noted that many countries in the world have a much higher request for wheat than their production. This leads to the import of this important commodity from places of production surplus from the need of producers. Since its harvest, wheat has been subjected to successive steps of transport and conservation, which makes it vulnerable to pollution and damage. As wheat crop is subjected to the sifting process, which removes grain from the harvest residues and soil granules, this factor will be ignored.

Large quantities of wheat during shipping process through giant vessels are exposed to many risks. High humidity of transport containers overseas increases chances of wetting wheat grains and thus chances of increasing the contamination and growth of fungi in wheat. Sometimes conidia and spores of fungi germinate within the mass of wheat grains and producing innate fungi which may not be seen by the naked eye and generating very dangerous toxins. Often, when shipments of wheat arrive via transport to silos, they are loaded with many elements of danger.

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In one of the studies conducted by the authors on the presence of harmful fungi in the mass of wheat inside a silo, *Aspergillus flavus*, *A. niger*, *Circinella umbellata*, *Gliocladium* sp., *Penicillium frequentans*, *P. islandicum*, and *Ulocladium atrum* were isolated. Since these fungi have precedents to cause some diseases, an experiment has been conducted to prove this. The test of the ability of the isolated fungi to analyze human red blood cells has been shown to have a high coefficient of effect.

In theory, based on the scientific data and results of the previous studies, we proposed to provide a healthy environment within the silos, which is summarized as follows:

