**4. Fungal identification**

It is worth mentioning that all fungi isolated from wheat surfaces stored in the silo, produces huge amounts of spores and conidia. For example, *Aspergillus flavus* is a fungus of a bad reputation which produces the most dangerous toxin called aflatoxin (AFs). This instinct fungus is famous for corruption and damage of many seeds, grains, and nuts [12]. *A. flavus* produces large quantities of conidia bearing on biseriate sterigmata. *A. niger* produces large quantities of conidia that are carried on two-row stregmata; these conidia are black, in long chains. Conidia of *A. niger* cause respiratory problem in people exposed to inhalation of such germs, such as people working in poultry farms, and so on. *Circinella umbellate* is a fungus belonging to zygomycotina that has huge amounts of spores in many sporangia (**Figures 2**–**8**). Previous

**Figure 2.** Hyphal growth of *Aspergillus flavus* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–9 were shot using ordinary compound microscope. Non-septate conidiophores and foremost radiate heads with mono- and biseriate sterigmata carried on conical-shaped vesicles. Bar 10 μm in the photo 1 is the same for rest of the photos.

**Figure 4.** Hyphal growth of *Circinella umbellate* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–10 are taken by ordinary compound microscope. 1–7 branched conidiophores with curved side branches cut off by sporangia. 8–10 gatherings tent form sporangiophores.

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**Figure 5.** Hyphal growth of *Gliocladium* sp. on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–8 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–7 gelatinous grouping of conidia. 8 A conidiophore loads a distinguishing sterigmata peculiar of this fungus. Bar 10 μm in

Bar 10 μm in Photo 1 is the same for rest of the photos.

Photo 1 is the same for the rest of the photos.

**Figure 3.** Hyphal growth of *Aspergillus niger* PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–6 taken by ordinary compound microscope. Nonseptate conidiophores and radiate heads with biseriate sterigmata. Bar 10 μm in the photo (1) is the same for photos 2–4, and in photo 5 is the same as photo 6.

**Figure 4.** Hyphal growth of *Circinella umbellate* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–10 are taken by ordinary compound microscope. 1–7 branched conidiophores with curved side branches cut off by sporangia. 8–10 gatherings tent form sporangiophores. Bar 10 μm in Photo 1 is the same for rest of the photos.

**Figure 2.** Hyphal growth of *Aspergillus flavus* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–9 were shot using ordinary compound microscope. Non-septate conidiophores and foremost radiate heads with mono- and biseriate sterigmata carried on

**Figure 3.** Hyphal growth of *Aspergillus niger* PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–6 taken by ordinary compound microscope. Nonseptate conidiophores and radiate heads with biseriate sterigmata. Bar 10 μm in the photo (1) is the same for photos 2–4,

conical-shaped vesicles. Bar 10 μm in the photo 1 is the same for rest of the photos.

and in photo 5 is the same as photo 6.

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**Figure 5.** Hyphal growth of *Gliocladium* sp. on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–8 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–7 gelatinous grouping of conidia. 8 A conidiophore loads a distinguishing sterigmata peculiar of this fungus. Bar 10 μm in Photo 1 is the same for the rest of the photos.

**Figure 6.** Hyphal growth of *Penicillium frequentans* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–9 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–9 septate conidiophores carried monoseriate sterigmata. Bar 10 μm in Photo 1 is the same for the rest of the photos.

studies suggest that this fungus can cause chest allergic diseases and asthma-like symptoms

**Figure 8.** Hyphal growth of *Ulocladium atrum* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–7 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–7 septate conidiophores carried singularly broad conidia with rough wall has transverse septa (1–3 septa) and longitudinal septum (one or more), comparatively strict at the base and wide at the top. Bar 10 μm in Photo 1 is the same for rest of

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A previous study has shown that *Penicillium frequentans* and *P. islandicum* produced a type of fungal toxin called aflatoxin (AFs) [14]. They further caused pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity, allergy (alveoli), a kind of emphysema [15]. As the two fungi produces chains of conidia, which are easy to spread through dusted air with the mass of wheat stored in the silos, therefore, these toxins can cause risk of spread of diseases for dealers within the silos. While literature treated *Gliocladium* as a class of "useful fungi," modern research raveled the

*Ulocladium atrum* is not far from the problems caused by the fungi mentioned above. It was mentioned in some previous studies for its ability to cause allergy in chest and respiratory

By reviewing the previous narration (above), we can say that the isolated fungi of this study are present in the form of conidia and spores, lying on the surface of wheat grains and between

There are two types of risks because of the existence of conidia and spores on wheat surfaces. The first risk is the exposure of dealers with large quantities of conidia and spores

for people with low immunity who are subject to inhaling its spores [13].

contribution of it in the production of a toxin named Gliotoxin [16].

system in humans [17].

folds of its coats.

the photos.

**Figure 7.** Hyphal growth of *Penicillium islandicum* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–9 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–9 septate conidiophores carried biseriate sterigmata and symmetrical. Bar 10 μm in the Photo 1 is the same for of the rest of the photos.

**Figure 8.** Hyphal growth of *Ulocladium atrum* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–7 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–7 septate conidiophores carried singularly broad conidia with rough wall has transverse septa (1–3 septa) and longitudinal septum (one or more), comparatively strict at the base and wide at the top. Bar 10 μm in Photo 1 is the same for rest of the photos.

**Figure 6.** Hyphal growth of *Penicillium frequentans* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–9 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–9 septate conidiophores carried monoseriate sterigmata. Bar 10 μm in Photo 1 is the same for the rest of the photos.

**Figure 7.** Hyphal growth of *Penicillium islandicum* on PDA at 28°C. Photos 1–9 shot by ordinary compound microscope. 1–9 septate conidiophores carried biseriate sterigmata and symmetrical. Bar 10 μm in the Photo 1 is the same for of the

rest of the photos.

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studies suggest that this fungus can cause chest allergic diseases and asthma-like symptoms for people with low immunity who are subject to inhaling its spores [13].

A previous study has shown that *Penicillium frequentans* and *P. islandicum* produced a type of fungal toxin called aflatoxin (AFs) [14]. They further caused pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity, allergy (alveoli), a kind of emphysema [15]. As the two fungi produces chains of conidia, which are easy to spread through dusted air with the mass of wheat stored in the silos, therefore, these toxins can cause risk of spread of diseases for dealers within the silos.

While literature treated *Gliocladium* as a class of "useful fungi," modern research raveled the contribution of it in the production of a toxin named Gliotoxin [16].

*Ulocladium atrum* is not far from the problems caused by the fungi mentioned above. It was mentioned in some previous studies for its ability to cause allergy in chest and respiratory system in humans [17].

By reviewing the previous narration (above), we can say that the isolated fungi of this study are present in the form of conidia and spores, lying on the surface of wheat grains and between folds of its coats.

There are two types of risks because of the existence of conidia and spores on wheat surfaces. The first risk is the exposure of dealers with large quantities of conidia and spores inside the silos. The second danger is the possibility of growth of these conidia and spores, with the availability of moisture, to be innate growths producing very dangerous toxins to humans. In order to prove the first risk in a measurable experimental way, an experiment was conducted to determine the damage that could occur as a result of invasion of conidia and spores of the isolated organisms into human lungs and then into the blood via alveoli in one way or another.
