1.1. Geographical position of the Central Federal District of Russia, achievements in the selection of wheat and the directions of its improvement

application of fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and growth regulators for the season ensure the yield of spring wheat up to 7 tons/ha and winter wheat up to 10 tons/ha. However, these cultivars are susceptible to the majority of fungal diseases common in this zone (powdery mildew, leaf rust, stem rust and Septoria leaf spot). To date, only one cultivar of winter wheat Nemchinovskaya 24 with two resistance genes Lr9 and Lr46 has genetic protection against leaf rust. Therefore, the development of cultivars with increased immunity to fungal diseases is actual for the CFDR. Extensive transport and economic relations in the globalization of the world do not exclude the importation of quarantine diseases into our territory, for example, the aggressive race of stem rust Ug99. The worsening of the phytopathological situation requires increased research in this area, especially in recent years, when the cases of crop damage caused by stem rust occur more frequently (2010, 2013, 2016 and 2017). The aim of this study was to identify the sources and donors of resistance to stem rust, including the race Ug99, from the collection of VIR and "Arsenal" collection, and to create on their basis, the initial material of spring and winter

Genetic Improvement of Bread Wheat for Stem Rust Resistance in the Central Federal Region of Russia: Results…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75379

185

2. The development of the initial material of spring and winter wheat with

The situation in the CFDR reflects the general trend observed in the populations of P. graminis in all areas of pathogen distribution; the fungus actively evolves. Differences concern only the speed and genes of the pathogen virulence, depending on the geographical location. In the case of Ug99 (TTKSK), the process is very fast (in 18 years, 13 biotypes of the fungus appeared); on the other hand, in the territory of CFDR, the change of the dominant races took place for 57 years. The phytopathological situation is complicated by the proximity of the CFDR to European countries, where aggressive pathogens of P. graminis have been identified recently. Six races (TKTTF, TKKTF, TKPTF, TKKTP, PKPTF and MMMTF) were retrieved from 48 isolates, obtained from the P. graminis population in 2013 in Germany [2]. The detection of the TKKTP race causes concern because of its virulence to the Sr24, SrTmp and Sr1RSAmigo genes, although it has been determined that none of these races belongs to the race group TTKSK (Ug99), and the German isolates of the TKTTF race are phenotypically different from the TKTTF race that caused plant disease epidemic in Ethiopia in 2013/2014. It is known that 55% of North American and international cultivars and selection lines resistant to the race TTKSK (Ug99) are susceptible to the TKKTP race [2]. On the Italian island of Sicily, a new race of stem rust, the TTTTF, hit several thousand hectares of durum wheat in 2016, leading to the largest outbreak of stem rust in Europe in recent decades. TTTTF is a newly identified race of stem rust that can soon spread over long distances along the Mediterranean basin and the Adriatic

The analysis of the racial composition of R. graminis f. sp. tritici in CFDR was held annually since 1960. During this time, significant changes occurred in the composition of the dominant races. In the 1960s–1970s, the population of stem rust included physiological races 21, 17 and

2.1. The modern phytopathological stem rust situation in CFDR and possible threats

several Sr genes resistant to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici

coast [3] (http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/469467/icode/).

wheat with durable resistance to stem rust.

The Central Federal District of Russia (CFDR) is an area of more than 650,000 km<sup>2</sup> , which includes 18 oblasts with the capital city of Moscow (Figure 1). The CFDR lies within the Atlantic-continental climatic region of the north temperate zone. It is characterized by not too cold winter and warm, but not excessively hot summer. The lowest temperatures are observed in January: on the average from 8 to 12C. Summer temperature ranges from 18 to 20C. The average duration of the frost-free period is 125–140 days, and the sum of the effective temperatures is 1800–2300, which allows to successfully cultivate most of the cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fodder grasses and flax in the CFDR. The average annual precipitation is 450–600 mm [1] (http://studopedya.ru/2-68711.html). This economic region includes about 16,000,000 ha of arable land, in which winter and spring wheat are the leading crops. The area under these crops is 3,600,000 and 620,000 ha, respectively. Traditionally, until the late 1960s of the twentieth century, rye was grown in this region, which is less demanding for the fertility of sod-podzolic soils. However, rye gave way to wheat due to the efforts of breeders. Breeders P. Lukyanenko (Bezostaya 1, Karlik 1), V. Remeslo (Mironovskaya 808), G. Lapchenko (PPG-1, PPG-186), E. Varenitsa (Zarya), E. Nettevich (Moskovskaya 35, Priokskaya, Lada) and B. Sandukhadze (Inna, Galina, Moskovskaya 39, Nemchinovskaya 17) made a great contribution to the creation of wheat cultivars.

Modern cultivars of bread wheat, derived in the Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka" (Moscow Sc. Res. Inst. of Agr. "Nemchinovka"), are characterized by high winter hardiness, productivity and grain quality. They are cultivated according to intensive technologies with the application of mineral fertilizers up to 150 kg N, 120 kg P2O5, 150 kg K2O, against the background of manure and annual grasses. Seed treatment before sowing, threefold

Figure 1. The Central Federal District on the map of Russia (a) and its composition (b): 1—Belgorod Oblast, 2—Bryansk Oblast, 3—Vladimir Oblast, 4—Voronezh Oblast, 5—Ivanovo Oblast, 6—Kaluga Oblast, 7—Kostroma Oblast, 8—Kursk Oblast, 9—Lipetsk Oblast, 10—Moscow, 11—Moscow Oblast, 12—Oryol Oblast, 13—Ryazan Oblast, 14—Smolensk Oblast, 15—Tambov Oblast, 16—Tver Oblast, 17—Tula Oblast and 18—Yaroslavl Oblast.

application of fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and growth regulators for the season ensure the yield of spring wheat up to 7 tons/ha and winter wheat up to 10 tons/ha. However, these cultivars are susceptible to the majority of fungal diseases common in this zone (powdery mildew, leaf rust, stem rust and Septoria leaf spot). To date, only one cultivar of winter wheat Nemchinovskaya 24 with two resistance genes Lr9 and Lr46 has genetic protection against leaf rust. Therefore, the development of cultivars with increased immunity to fungal diseases is actual for the CFDR. Extensive transport and economic relations in the globalization of the world do not exclude the importation of quarantine diseases into our territory, for example, the aggressive race of stem rust Ug99. The worsening of the phytopathological situation requires increased research in this area, especially in recent years, when the cases of crop damage caused by stem rust occur more frequently (2010, 2013, 2016 and 2017). The aim of this study was to identify the sources and donors of resistance to stem rust, including the race Ug99, from the collection of VIR and "Arsenal" collection, and to create on their basis, the initial material of spring and winter wheat with durable resistance to stem rust.

1. Introduction

184 Global Wheat Production

to the creation of wheat cultivars.

1.1. Geographical position of the Central Federal District of Russia, achievements in the

includes 18 oblasts with the capital city of Moscow (Figure 1). The CFDR lies within the Atlantic-continental climatic region of the north temperate zone. It is characterized by not too cold winter and warm, but not excessively hot summer. The lowest temperatures are observed in January: on the average from 8 to 12C. Summer temperature ranges from 18 to 20C. The average duration of the frost-free period is 125–140 days, and the sum of the effective temperatures is 1800–2300, which allows to successfully cultivate most of the cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fodder grasses and flax in the CFDR. The average annual precipitation is 450–600 mm [1] (http://studopedya.ru/2-68711.html). This economic region includes about 16,000,000 ha of arable land, in which winter and spring wheat are the leading crops. The area under these crops is 3,600,000 and 620,000 ha, respectively. Traditionally, until the late 1960s of the twentieth century, rye was grown in this region, which is less demanding for the fertility of sod-podzolic soils. However, rye gave way to wheat due to the efforts of breeders. Breeders P. Lukyanenko (Bezostaya 1, Karlik 1), V. Remeslo (Mironovskaya 808), G. Lapchenko (PPG-1, PPG-186), E. Varenitsa (Zarya), E. Nettevich (Moskovskaya 35, Priokskaya, Lada) and B. Sandukhadze (Inna, Galina, Moskovskaya 39, Nemchinovskaya 17) made a great contribution

Modern cultivars of bread wheat, derived in the Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka" (Moscow Sc. Res. Inst. of Agr. "Nemchinovka"), are characterized by high winter hardiness, productivity and grain quality. They are cultivated according to intensive technologies with the application of mineral fertilizers up to 150 kg N, 120 kg P2O5, 150 kg K2O, against the background of manure and annual grasses. Seed treatment before sowing, threefold

Figure 1. The Central Federal District on the map of Russia (a) and its composition (b): 1—Belgorod Oblast, 2—Bryansk Oblast, 3—Vladimir Oblast, 4—Voronezh Oblast, 5—Ivanovo Oblast, 6—Kaluga Oblast, 7—Kostroma Oblast, 8—Kursk Oblast, 9—Lipetsk Oblast, 10—Moscow, 11—Moscow Oblast, 12—Oryol Oblast, 13—Ryazan Oblast, 14—Smolensk

Oblast, 15—Tambov Oblast, 16—Tver Oblast, 17—Tula Oblast and 18—Yaroslavl Oblast.

, which

The Central Federal District of Russia (CFDR) is an area of more than 650,000 km<sup>2</sup>

selection of wheat and the directions of its improvement
