**2.4. Community reentry centers**

Reentry centers are facilities that help inmates by offering structured and supervised residential settings just before or after their release. In addition to providing a permanent residence to the individuals, assistance in financial management and facilitating, their return to the society is also arranged. These centers might be especially useful, because the psychological adaptation required for offenders, with expansive criminal histories, returning to the community after a long period of imprisonment, can be particularly demanding.

A crucial component of community reentry centers is substance abuse management and mental health treatment and counseling. Growing prison populations are largely due to drugrelated crime and drug abuse, but relatively few prisoners receive the appropriate treatment. In this respect, community-based correctional settings have launched out prison-based drug treatment programs during the past few years [3].

## **2.5. Psychological models in forensic rehabilitation**

There are two main models of psychology about correctional treatment. The risk, need and responsivity model (RNR model) was built up by Andrews and Bonta, and they describe the criminal risk variables named 'central eight' (**Tables 1**) [18]. Good lives model (GLM) is the other model which claims, that rather than addressing criminogenic needs, the focus of treatment should be on the enhancement offenders' abilities to obtain primary human goods [19]. Purvis describes 11 primary human goods (**Tables 2**) [20].

If it is examined the models, both are similar, but RNR Model is based on cognitive-behavioral and the GLM is based on humanistic philosophy. The GLM identifies 11 'primary human goods' and RNR identifies 'central eight' which are inverse overlap. It can be said that GLM 'primary human goods' are inverse restatements of the 'central eight' risk factors, viewed from the lens of humanistic psychology [19]. Depending on these criminal risk factors, it is argued that the criminal procedure of the individual can be predicted and therefore the criminal procedure can be prevented by taking the necessary precautions. However, the RNR model is not compatible with occupational therapy outlook in the view of the possibility of irreversible risk factors and bias holding against the individual.

**3. Occupational therapy models in forensic rehabilitation**

**1. Life** (including healthy living and optimal physical functioning, sexual satisfaction) **2. Knowledge**(how well informed one feels about things that are important to them)

**3. Excellence in work** (including mastery experiences) **4. Excellence in play** (hobbies and recreational pursuits) **5. Excellence in agency** (autonomy and self-directedness) **6. Inner peace** (freedom from emotional turmoil and stress)

**8. Community** (connection to wider social groups)

**11. Creativity** (expressing oneself through alternative forms)

**10. Pleasure** (feeling good in the here and now)

**Table 2.** The 'primary human goods'.

**7. Relatedness** (including intimate, romantic and family relationships)

**9. Spirituality** (in the broad sense of finding meaning and purpose in life)

practice is very important [15].

The use of occupational therapy models in forensic rehabilitation focus on client-centered, holistic and occupation-focused practice with the approach of clinical reasoning based on individual preferences and needs. Normally, individuals engage in occupations which they prefer or want throughout their life; however, in secure environment situations, this ability of the individual can be limited or can be restricted by the individual's mental health/disorder/ learning disability, their perceived and their actual risks to themselves or others and institutional regulations, policies or legal restrictions. Individuals who need forensic rehabilitation face some participation limitations to all or a combination of activities and this can cause occupational deprivation additionally to the sense of hopelessness and poor mental health [6, 11, 15]. Moreover, community life skills and performing daily living activities and interaction with the environment of the individual can be limited. Therefore, group or individual occupational therapy programs often target basic living skills, self-care, vocational skills, adaptive coping strategies, creative arts and anger or stress management. The general aim of occupational therapy is to enable individual to experience occupational enrichment and achieve optimal occupational functioning. Occupational enrichment in forensic settings can be considered as both the goal and process of occupational therapy interventions, so evidence-based

Occupational Therapy in Forensic Settings http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79366 57

Occupational therapy guideline recommendations show that Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) and its associated assessments are the most used occupational therapy model in forensic occupational therapy. The model was developed in the 1980s by Professor Gary Kielhofner and has had some revisions and collaborations until now. MOHO supports that human occupation is motivated, patterned and performed. Humans are conceptualized as three interrelated components: volition, habituation and performance capacity [16]. Also,


**8. Substance abuse**: Abuse of alcohol or drugs affects the criminal behaviors.

**Table 1.** The 'central eight' criminal risk variables.

**<sup>1.</sup> History of antisocial behavior:** If there is an early involvement in antisocial acts and if they are still continuing, it is a big risk variable.

**<sup>2.</sup> Antisocial personality:** Adventurous, pleasure-seeking, poor self-control personality pattern are other risk factors.

**<sup>3.</sup> Antisocial cognition:** Attitudes, values and beliefs supporting crime cause a personal identity favorable to crime.

**<sup>4.</sup> Antisocial associates**: Quality of relationship affects the behavior. So that, having close association with criminal peers and relative isolation from prosocial others because of either the individual or the community affects the criminal behavior.

**<sup>5.</sup> Family/marital**: Problematic circumstances of home, lack of nurturing relationship and/or poor monitoring behavior.



**Table 2.** The 'primary human goods'.

is also arranged. These centers might be especially useful, because the psychological adaptation required for offenders, with expansive criminal histories, returning to the community

A crucial component of community reentry centers is substance abuse management and mental health treatment and counseling. Growing prison populations are largely due to drugrelated crime and drug abuse, but relatively few prisoners receive the appropriate treatment. In this respect, community-based correctional settings have launched out prison-based drug

There are two main models of psychology about correctional treatment. The risk, need and responsivity model (RNR model) was built up by Andrews and Bonta, and they describe the criminal risk variables named 'central eight' (**Tables 1**) [18]. Good lives model (GLM) is the other model which claims, that rather than addressing criminogenic needs, the focus of treatment should be on the enhancement offenders' abilities to obtain primary human goods [19].

If it is examined the models, both are similar, but RNR Model is based on cognitive-behavioral and the GLM is based on humanistic philosophy. The GLM identifies 11 'primary human goods' and RNR identifies 'central eight' which are inverse overlap. It can be said that GLM 'primary human goods' are inverse restatements of the 'central eight' risk factors, viewed from the lens of humanistic psychology [19]. Depending on these criminal risk factors, it is argued that the criminal procedure of the individual can be predicted and therefore the criminal procedure can be prevented by taking the necessary precautions. However, the RNR model is not compatible with occupational therapy outlook in the view of the possibility of

**1. History of antisocial behavior:** If there is an early involvement in antisocial acts and if they are still continuing, it

**2. Antisocial personality:** Adventurous, pleasure-seeking, poor self-control personality pattern are other risk factors. **3. Antisocial cognition:** Attitudes, values and beliefs supporting crime cause a personal identity favorable to crime. **4. Antisocial associates**: Quality of relationship affects the behavior. So that, having close association with criminal peers and relative isolation from prosocial others because of either the individual or the community affects the

**5. Family/marital**: Problematic circumstances of home, lack of nurturing relationship and/or poor monitoring

**7. Leisure/recreation:** Low levels of involvement and satisfaction in prosocial activities such as leisure time activities

**6. School/work:** Circumstances such as low levels of performance and satisfaction in school or work

**8. Substance abuse**: Abuse of alcohol or drugs affects the criminal behaviors.

**Table 1.** The 'central eight' criminal risk variables.

after a long period of imprisonment, can be particularly demanding.

treatment programs during the past few years [3].

56 Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity

**2.5. Psychological models in forensic rehabilitation**

Purvis describes 11 primary human goods (**Tables 2**) [20].

irreversible risk factors and bias holding against the individual.

is a big risk variable.

criminal behavior.

behavior.
