Preface

Chapter 7 **Outer Rotor SRM Design for Electric Vehicle without Reducer via Speed-Up Evolutionary Algorithm 129**

Chapter 8 **Lightweight High-Efficiency Power Train Propulsion with Axial-Flux Machines for Electric or Hybrid Vehicles 153** Sorin Ioan Deaconu, Vasile Horga, Marcel Topor, Fabrizio

Marignetti, Lucian Nicolae Tutelea and Ilie Nuca

Chapter 9 **The Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Use and Usability**

**Problems of EV Workplace Charging Facilities 177**

Chapter 10 **Electric Vehicles Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources for**

Michela Longo, Federica Foiadelli and Wahiba Yaïci

Eren, Merve Yıldırım and Hasan Kürüm

**Section 3 Deployment 175**

**VI** Contents

Eiman Elbanhawy

**Sustainable Mobility 203**

Zeki Omaç, Mehmet Polat, Mustafa Kaya, Eyyüp Öksüztepe, Haluk

Global energy policies considered for the next few years are aligned with three key topics, that is, the reduction of polluting emissions, the increase in the use of renewable sources and the increase in energy efficiency. In this context, the electrification of the transport sector is considered one of the most important lines of action. In fact, the transport sector accounts for one third of the world's energy consumption, and more than 90% of this energy is cov‐ ered with fossil resources.

Indeed, the electric vehicle or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle plays a fundamental role, not only because of its advantages in terms of energy conversion efficiency, or because of its ability to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, but also because of the high potential for the introduction of renewable sources in the electricity sector. Thereby, the electric vehicle should be interpreted as a transversal element towards more sustainable mo‐ bility and energy models.

However, the success of the electric vehicle depends both on its suitability for the new mobili‐ ty paradigm in general and on its technical and economic viability in particular. In this regard, questions related to the type of electric vehicle to be promoted, the autonomy, the perform‐ ance, the recharging infrastructure and the impact on the electric network are issues that must be addressed and solved. Indeed, electric and hybrid vehicles continue to be high on academic and industrial research agendas to promote their final implementation and immense usage in clean urban environments, and this is precisely the purpose of this book, that is, to contribute to the literature about current research and development activities related to new trends in electrical powertrains, from their components to integration into the infrastructure.

In this regard, selected authors have been invited to contribute their original research work as well as provide literature review articles that illustrate the current efforts that are taking place towards related technologies, the powertrains and the deployment point of view re‐ garding electric vehicles. Thus, in this book, three sections are considered.

The first section includes current studies that reflect the increased demands on electric vehi‐ cle technologies highly related to design factors closely linked to powertrain efficiency and performance. Thus, model-based design processes for electric vehicle conversion, as well as the study of motion dynamics controls, are included in this section. Also, as a critical com‐ ponent for powertrain improvement, current battery system management and supervision strategies are also included from the control and reliability points of view.

The second section focuses on the electrical powertrain, especially on the electric motor, as the core of the electric vehicle. Indeed, the ideal characteristics of an electric motor for trac‐ tion in electric and hybrid vehicles are high torque and power density, wide range of speeds, overload capacity and high efficiency. In this regard, this book includes the analysis of novel motor technologies and configurations, as well as comparisons of their performance based on reluctance technology for higher efficiency and improved reliability of the power‐ train.

Finally, the third section complements electric powertrain analysis from the deployment of such electric vehicle technologies. Especially, considerations about its integration with re‐ newable energy sources and usability with regard to charging facilities are discussed with respect to a new sustainable mobility model.

Thus, the chapters in this book show a diversity of current and new developments in the electrification of the transport sector seen from the electric vehicle point of view, namely, the related technologies, the powertrain and the deployment issues. This book contains highquality chapters covering original research results and literature reviews of exceptional mer‐ it. Therefore, it is the aim of this book to contribute to the literature of the topic in this regard and let readers know the current and new trends of electric vehicle powertrains.

**Dr. Luis Romeral Martínez and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto**

Electronic Engineering Department Technical University of Catalonia Barcelona, Spain **Technology**

**Section 1**

**Section 1**
