**Technology**

speeds, overload capacity and high efficiency. In this regard, this book includes the analysis of novel motor technologies and configurations, as well as comparisons of their performance based on reluctance technology for higher efficiency and improved reliability of the power‐

Finally, the third section complements electric powertrain analysis from the deployment of such electric vehicle technologies. Especially, considerations about its integration with re‐ newable energy sources and usability with regard to charging facilities are discussed with

electrification of the transport sector seen from the electric vehicle point of view, namely, the related technologies, the powertrain and the deployment issues. This book contains highquality chapters covering original research results and literature reviews of exceptional mer‐ it. Therefore, it is the aim of this book to contribute to the literature of the topic in this regard

and let readers know the current and new trends of electric vehicle powertrains.

a diversity of current and new developments in the

**Dr. Luis Romeral Martínez and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto**

Electronic Engineering Department Technical University of Catalonia

Barcelona, Spain

train.

VIII Preface

respect to a new sustainable mobility model.

Thus, the chapters in this book show

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Model Based System Design for Electric Vehicle**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77265

Development of electric vehicle (EV) conversion process can be implemented in a low-cost and time-saving manner, along with the design of actual components. Model-based system design is employed to systematically compute the power flow of the electric vehicle propulsion and dynamic load. Vehicle specification and driving cycles were the two main inputs for the simulation. As a result, the approach is capable of predicting various EV characteristics and design parameters, such as EV performance, driving range, torque speed characteristics, motor power, and battery power charge/discharge, which are the necessity for the design and sizing selection of the main EV components. Furthermore, drive-by-wire (DBW) ECU function can be employed by means of model-based design to improve drivability. For the current setup, the system components are consisted of actual ECU hardware, electric vehicle models, and control area network (CAN) communication. The EV component and system models are virtually simulated simultaneously in real time. Thus, the EV functionalities are verified corresponding to objective requirements. The current methodology can be employed as rapid design tool for ECU and software development. Same methodology can be illustrated to be used for EV tuning and reliabil-

Keywords: EV conversion, model-based system design, drive-by-wire ECU, real-time application, in-the-loop testing, rapid control design, ECU network, CAN protocol

Development in EV conversion has been vastly improved in the recent year. However, different vehicle models have different technical specifications, so conversion kits for each one of them have to be customized in order to meet the specific requirement such as range per charge and acceleration performance. Engineers, therefore, have to make the decision on the capacity

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Model Based System Design for Electric Vehicle

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77265

ity model test in the future.

1. Introduction

**Conversion**

Conversion

Ananchai Ukaew

Abstract

Ananchai Ukaew

#### **Model Based System Design for Electric Vehicle Conversion** Model Based System Design for Electric Vehicle Conversion

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77265

#### Ananchai Ukaew Ananchai Ukaew

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77265

#### Abstract

Development of electric vehicle (EV) conversion process can be implemented in a low-cost and time-saving manner, along with the design of actual components. Model-based system design is employed to systematically compute the power flow of the electric vehicle propulsion and dynamic load. Vehicle specification and driving cycles were the two main inputs for the simulation. As a result, the approach is capable of predicting various EV characteristics and design parameters, such as EV performance, driving range, torque speed characteristics, motor power, and battery power charge/discharge, which are the necessity for the design and sizing selection of the main EV components. Furthermore, drive-by-wire (DBW) ECU function can be employed by means of model-based design to improve drivability. For the current setup, the system components are consisted of actual ECU hardware, electric vehicle models, and control area network (CAN) communication. The EV component and system models are virtually simulated simultaneously in real time. Thus, the EV functionalities are verified corresponding to objective requirements. The current methodology can be employed as rapid design tool for ECU and software development. Same methodology can be illustrated to be used for EV tuning and reliability model test in the future.

Keywords: EV conversion, model-based system design, drive-by-wire ECU, real-time application, in-the-loop testing, rapid control design, ECU network, CAN protocol

#### 1. Introduction

Development in EV conversion has been vastly improved in the recent year. However, different vehicle models have different technical specifications, so conversion kits for each one of them have to be customized in order to meet the specific requirement such as range per charge and acceleration performance. Engineers, therefore, have to make the decision on the capacity

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

of batteries and also how many of them are required to meet the driving demand. Moreover, selection of different types of motor is also presented as the main requirement [1]. Normal design process would require high-end expensive software to model the EV system. Furthermore, building the EV without the knowledge of the parameters within the system could costly lead to the failure of the design.

In this literature, the first model-based design for EV conversion prototyping development, which describes electric vehicle modeling including EV traction, EV components, and power flow models, is defined. Then, drive-by-wire ECU design and in-the-loop testing for EV conversion process are described in details. The last section illustrates versatility of model-

Model Based System Design for Electric Vehicle Conversion

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77265

In order to set up the simulation of EV, mathematical models have to be generated first from the engineering principles and theories. The four core models are traction model, motor model,

Forces acting on the vehicle govern the equation for vehicle traction as seen in Figure 2. Those forces comprised of tractive forces ð Þ Fte , rolling resistance force ð Þ Frr , aerodynamic force ð Þ Fad , lateral acceleration force ð Þ Fla , wheel acceleration force ð Þ Fwa , hill climbing force ð Þ Fhc [or component force of vehicle weight which depend on grade ð Þ θ ], and the gross weight of the co EV ð Þ mg . The governing relation can be found in Eq. (1) where traction needs to overcome the load that

where equation for each force components can be employed from many sources such as

In the EV conversion system, the motor replaces the internal combustion engine (ICE) in providing the torque to drive the wheel as shown in Figure 3, which also affects the traction

ð1Þ

5

based design in EV conversion tuning and diagnostic application.

2. EV conversion prototyping development

battery model, and power flow model as follows.

reference [2, 4] and other automotive textbooks.

Figure 2. The force components involved in the vehicle traction.

2.1. EV system modeling

2.1.1. Traction model

is equal to five other forces:

2.1.2. Motor efficiency model

In addition, poor vehicle performance safety and reliability might occur when new electric propulsion characteristics do not match with the characteristics of replaced engine sharing the same chassis.

Therefore, a sub-ECU must be developed to harmonize EV propulsion dynamics and existing vehicle chassis characteristics called drive-by-wire (DBW) [2]. DBW functionality can then improve EV drivability by providing power demand to the electric motor drive according to the driver preference. However, installation of the DBW ECU without appropriate functional safety design and evaluation could induce such system failures or component malfunctions due to unpredicted behaviors during actual driving situations. Therefore, during the initial development process, ECU functions are needed to be established and evaluated against design and functional safety aspects beforehand [3, 4].

To improve EV conversion development process, model-based design process is shown in Figure 1. The method would benefit the design engineer in making better decision for the conversion and also saving time and cost by reducing error during the design process [5–7]. The process can be employed to perform system simulation based on different scenarios and technical specification. Embedded system and DBW ECU can be realized by software rapid auto coding to shorten error correction and debugging time. Virtual prototyping test can be employed to validate design requirement and EV conversion specification. The in-the-loop tests can ensure accurate implementation of both software and hardware ECU for the conversion using real-time verification methodology.

Figure 1. Model-based design process for EV conversion.

In this literature, the first model-based design for EV conversion prototyping development, which describes electric vehicle modeling including EV traction, EV components, and power flow models, is defined. Then, drive-by-wire ECU design and in-the-loop testing for EV conversion process are described in details. The last section illustrates versatility of modelbased design in EV conversion tuning and diagnostic application.
