**1. Introduction**

In recent times, potential energy, environment, and economic interests have stimulated motorized industry to develop and enhance efficient, clean, and sustainable vehicle, particularly, for city transportation. This new invention should not contingent on oil as a sole of energy source. Additionally, reducing engine size, replacing mechanical components by electrical

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

devices, transferring request information electronically instead of mechanically, and designing integrated control systems are considered other targets that automotive manufactures are aiming to attain in producing new means of transportation. At that juncture, the automotive industry introduced electrical vehicle (EV), which is driven by alternative energy sources that provide magnificent means for efficient, clean, and environmentally urban transportation.

The trend technology toward electronic components and circuits coming from their technical merits not only reduces the weight of vehicles but also has the potential for a large number of integrated functions and features. Some of these new electronically operated systems are taken place under the concept of x-by-wire, which involves brake-by-wire, throttle-by-wire, and steer-by-wire. These electrical vehicle subsystems yet still undergo considerable challenging issues that need intensive study and investigation in order to find out appropriate design and powerful operated system.

This chapter presents x-by-wire technology implementation in electric vehicle. BBW is a new brake technology in which mechanical and hydraulic components of traditional brake systems are replaced by electric circuits and devices to carry out the function of braking in a vehicle by wiretransmitted information. The advantages of electronic devices such as reducing vehicle weight and increasing brake performance are considered the main purpose trends of the automotive industry toward this new brake technology. Another application known as n EPAS system is a driver-assisted feedback system designed to boost the driver input torque to a desired output torque causing the steering action to be undertaken at much lower steering efforts. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is implemented as tuning mechanism for fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller. The aim of this controller is to track the assist current generated by lookup table. The results show the performance and efficiency of using PSO algorithm for FOPID tuning.

The motivation of this study is to enhance the safety aspects for the vehicle while attaining any desired speed. To achieve that, an optimal brake force at different road types and conditions and for different brake commands must be obtained within a reasonable time and without vehicle sliding.
