**Acknowledgements**

For HGPCI shown in **Figure 10**, two relatively large disciplines—Chemistry and Physics which were located above the X-axis, seemed to make a trend of public institute, because the coefficient of the sector in the column of high patent generality index in **Table 4** was

Corporation's prominent performance in both PPCI and HFPPCIs could be seen in **Figures 11**–**13** in which most disciplines were located on the first quadrant. It was also interesting that all three figures showed a correlation between the two indicators, except for two disciplines (engineering and physics) in **Figure 11**. Therefore, three indicators functioned robustly, regardless of the limited number of papers cited in high-feature-valued patents and corpora-

Engineering and physics showed opposite impacts in LPFPCI (**Figure 11**) compared to HFCPCI (**Figure 12**) and HGPCI (**Figure 13**). They showed very low values of LPFPCI and limited number of papers cited in large-sized patent families. However, they showed high values of both HFCPCI and HGPCI and relatively large numbers of papers which were cited in patents with the top 1% patent-patent forward citations and with high patent generality index. Although further analysis was needed to show the correct factors of the phenomenon,

In this study, three issues were tackled: investigation of the statistical nature of patent-paper citations, development of indicators, and tendencies of Japanese sectors' characteristics concerning patent-paper citations. Here, I discuss the findings and issues needed to be addressed:

**1.** Investigation in the study revealed the statistical nature of patent-paper citations, i.e., review papers, papers published in high IF journals, and papers highly cited from papers tended to be more cited than papers not so. These characteristics had been reported by previous studies which utilized different datasets and methodologies. Therefore, these results should reveal precise characteristics of patent-paper citations and suggest that fostering excellent scientific research might serve not only science itself but also technological

**2.** Results of both the logistic regression analysis and analysis by new indicators showed corporation sector's prominence from the view of patent-paper citations. Why were their papers cited more frequently than that of other sectors? To know the reason, identification of patent applicants might be needed, since information on who cited their paper is impor-

**3.** I showed that (improved) PPCI and HFPPCI could be used to obtain an overview of technological performance of target, whereas there were some problems intrinsic to the rare

this might be caused by characteristics of the industries which cited these disciplines.

positive.

170 Scientometrics

*5.2.3. Corporation*

tion's relatively small share of publications in Japan.

**6. Discussion and conclusion**

development to some extent.

tant to guess the motivation of citations.

In the study, I used the Connection Table between "Web of Science Core Collection" (WoSCC) and "NISTEP Dictionary of Names of Universities and Public Organizations," produced by National Institute of Science and Technology Policy.
