**1. Introduction**

Scientometrics has been defined as the "quantitative study of science, communication in science, and science policy" [1]. Over 20 years have passed since Hess's definition and now it has been used in many different fields. As representative works in the field of scientometrics, we can refer the Science Citation Index (SCI) [2, 3], the first Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2004 [4], the h-index [5], g-index [6], and so on. Among these indicators, the h-index provides a simple impact metric for individual authors that can readily be used in online searching, for example, with Google Scholar, but is also incorporated into the major citation databases such as the Web of Science and Scopus.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78027

The international organizations like OECD and the National Governments have also followed the activity related to scientometrics. For example, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has published "Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard" once every 2 years. In terms of an example of National Government activities, the National Science Board (NSB) in US also publishes "Science & Engineering Indicators" once every 2 years. In these publications, scientometrics indicators contribute to OECD and NSB efforts, especially in terms of standardization of calculations, collection of data, and analysis of a wide range of science, technology, and innovation activities by providing evidence on a selected set of Science and Technology (S&T) output.

Therefore, the concept of scientometrics has already disseminated to our society and has become essential for evidence-based policy makings, especially in the fields of S&T and Innovation.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
