**3. Complications of hernia surgery**

### **3.1. Surgical complications**

The incidence of complications associated with laparoscopic surgery is low on average when compared with an open approach. Most of the serious complications occur during access to the abdominal cavity or while ports are created [13, 14]. Chandler et al. [15] reported the incidence of complications after laparoscopic surgery to be around 30 per 10,000, with half of the complications present in the first 24 hours post-surgery. Most common injuries were to the small bowel, iliac artery, and colon; while the least injured organs were the bladder and liver [15]. There is an increased risk of complications in patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery for any intra-abdominal pathology such as diverticulitis, history of extensive bowel resection, diaphragmatic hernia, and in patients with multiple cardiopulmonary risks [16].
