**1. Introduction**

426 Dyslipidemia - From Prevention to Treatment

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Dyslipidemia is a change in serum lipids levels, which is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events when are found elevated (American Heart Association, 2002, Sposito et al., 2007). Before introduction of antiretroviral therapy (HAART), patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed a dyslipidemia characterized by isolated elevation of triglycerides (TG) and decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and its fractions (Gkrania-Klotsas & Klotsas, 2007; Mulligan, 2003). With the advent of HAART, especially with the use of protease inhibitors (PI), this situation changed to a lipid profile with elevated TG, TC, lipoproteins of very low and low density (VLDL-C and LDL-C) and decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), leaving these patients at risk for developing diabetes, hypertension and other complications (Chen et al., 2002; Furtado et al., 2007; Garg, 2000; Gkrania-Klotsas & Klotsas, 2007; Kotler, 2008; Mulligan, 2003; Sattler, 2008; Segarra-Newnham, 2002; Schering & Tovar, 2006; Yu et al., 2005).

Studies estimate that the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) during use of antiretroviral therapy can vary from 33% to 82% and may be influenced by several factors including study type, sample type and time of HAART (Gkrania-Klotsas & Klotsas, 2007; Schering & Tovar, 2006; Yu et al., 2005).
