**12. References**

402 Dyslipidemia - From Prevention to Treatment

Various epidemiological studies have found that between blood lipids and various

Some authors found that in patients with newly diagnosed NHL the blood levels of CH, phospholipids and HDL-cholesterol had lower values than those of controls and the values of CH increased progressively after chemotherapy if the disease reached complete remission or was stationary, unlike those with disease progression, that their blood lipid levels were

Nearly all the children with ALL when diagnosed and during chemotherapy revealed a predictable model of serum dyslipidemia that consisted of very low levels of HDLcholesterol, and elevated TG, and LDL-cholesterol, that regained normal values during the

In children with ALL, treated with asparaginase, hypertriglyceridemia was frequently

Imatinib mesylate, used for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, led to a diminishing of serum CH and TG values and CH depletion can inhibit cell proliferation. The young survivors of ALL, disease which they had in their childhood, especially those who received cranial radiotherapy, are likely to develop hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance,

Cranial irradiation favors more the appearance of MS by GH deficiency, lower level of insulin-like growth factor 1, fasting hyperinsulinemia, abdominal obesity and

It is believed that CH is important for cell proliferation, because low serum CH values may be the result of high cellular CH need of cancerous cells. Low serum CH values correlate with elevated levels of CH in lymphocytes. Malignant, proliferative cells have an intense metabolism of CH, while decreased intake of CH is responsible for decreasing cell

An increase of lipoprotein lipase mRNA levels is present in CLL patients with shorter

CD5 antigen is responsible for CH synthesis and even for adipogenesis. It is known that malignant cells from CLL are undergoing a process of continuous stimulation due to CD5

The loss of CH is responsible for the decrease in the number of sites that can fix some monoclonal antibodies, including CD20. Statins interfere with the detection of CD20 antigen as well as the antilymphomatous function of the rituximab, but this effect was not showed

Statins reduce cellular proliferation and stimulate apoptosis of cancerous cells. By their pleiotropic effects, statins can be useful in the treatment of different diseases, like NHL,

The association of simvastatin with fludarabine or cladribine synergistically induces DNA

Statins are active also in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells, where they augment the

The ATP-ase activity of P-gp, frequently involved in the emergence of multidrug resistance during chemotherapy, is controlled linearly by CH of the membrane structure. The changes

observed and it can be cause of acute pancreatitis and thrombosis.

obesity, arterial hypertension and even MS soon after the treatment.

CLL, multiple myeloma and AML, as adjuvant therapy.

antileukemic response that depends on all-trans retinoic acid.

of the membrane CH quantity may be responsible for P-gp inhibition.

**10. Conclusions** 

even lower.

remission period.

proliferation.

activation and cell survival.

in some clinical studies.

damages, and these lead to apoptosis.

survival.

neoplastic diseases there are some correlations.

hyperlipidemia, especially in women.


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**20** 

*India* 

**Lipids in the Pathogenesis of** 

**Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:** 

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common melody of the aging men characterized by noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland and is often associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (Berry et al., 1984). Approximately, 60 percent of men aged over 50 years have histological evidence of BPH and, after the age of 70, the proportion increases to 80 percent (Berry et al., 1984). It is a chronic, progressive and highly prevalent disease, clinically manifests as LUTS, posing a socioeconomic burden to the patients (Saigal and Joyce, 2005). Recently, Stranne et al., reported that one-third of the Swedish male population aged over 50 years have LUTS, which is often associated with BPH (Stranne et al., 2009). BPH is rarely fatal, but affects the quality of life, and if left untreated, serious lifethreatening complications may arise. Prostatic growth and development are governed by the genetic (Sanda et al., 1994), hormonal (Marker et al., 2003) and dietary factors (Bravi et al., 2006). Although, its etiology is not well understood, several theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of BPH (Alberto et al., 2009; Bosch, 1991; Srinivasan et al., 1995). Augmented steroidal signaling and mesenchymal-epithelial interactions are required for the normal as well as pathological growth of the prostate gland (Marker et al., 2003). However, current literature indicates that apart from steroids, peptides and lipids are also playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis of BPH (Cai et al., 2001; Culig et al., 1996; Escobar et al., 2009; Kaplan-Lefko et al., 2008; Rahman et al., 2007; Rick et al., 2011; Story, 1995; Vikram and Jena, 2011a; Vikram et al., 2010c). Even if the effects of peptides and lipids on the growth of the gland is milder as compared to that of steroids, chronic change in their levels either due to dietary habit or genetic predispositions can significantly contribute to the initiation and/or progression of the disease over a period of time. Existing clinical/epidemiological and preclinical studies provide convincing evidence for the association between insulinresistance, metabolic disorder and type 2 diabetes with the BPH (Francisco and Francois, 2010; Vikram et al., 2010a; Wang and Olumi, 2011). Previous experimental studies in our laboratory suggested that insulin-resistance associated secondary rise in the plasma insulin level plays a central role in the prostatic enlargement (Vikram and Jena, 2011b; Vikram et al., 2010a; b; 2011a; Vikram et al., 2010c; Vikram et al., 2011b). Other peptides such as insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBPs), growth hormone (GH), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family proteins are reported to have important

**1. Introduction** 

**Emerging Connections** 

Ajit Vikram and Poduri Ramarao

*Central University of Punjab* 

