**6. Appendix 1**

Ethnic Difference in Lipid Profiles 27

Phosphotungstic acid method after

chylomicrons

Direct method (polyethylene glycol– pretreated enzymes) with Hitachi-912 Autoanalyser (Hitachi, Mannheim, Germany) using kits supplied by Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany).

Germany);

precipitation of LDL and

GPO-PAP method (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany); Corning Express Plus Auto Analyser (Corning, medfied, MA, USA)

GPO-PAP method; Hitachi-912 Autoanalyser (Hitachi, Mannheim, Germany) using kits supplied by Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany).

Standard enzymatic procedures (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany)

Enzymatic techniques (Boehringer-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) with CIBA Corning 550 Express Autoanalyser

GPO HDAOS method (Pureauto S TG-N [Daiichi Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan]) with TBA 80FR (Toshiba medical system corporation, Tokyo)

Enzymatic techniques (TBA-80S; Toshiba Inc., Tokyo, Japan)

(Boehringer Mannheim,

Corning Express Plus Auto Analyser (Corning, medfied, MA, USA)

Direct assay method (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany)

Precipitation with PEG using a Colortest kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland).

Direct method (Cholesterol N HDL [Daiichi Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan]) with TBA 80FR (Toshiba medical system corporation,

Enzymatic method after precipitation of of VLDL and LDL with dextran sulfate and magnesium (TBA-80S; Toshiba Inc.,

Tokyo, Japan)

Tokyo)

CHOD-PAP method (Boehringer

Mannheim, Germany); Corning Express Plus Auto Analyser (Corning, medfied, MA, USA)

with Hitachi-912 Autoanalyser (Hitachi, Mannheim, Germany) using kits supplied by Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany).

procedures (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany)

(Boehringer-Mannheim,

analyser

Tokyo)

(TBA-80S; Toshiba Inc., Tokyo, Japan)

Mannheim, Germany) with CIBA Corning 550 Express Auto-

method (L-type Wako CHO-H [Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan]) with TBA 80FR (Toshiba medical system corporation,

Chennai 97 Venous

Italy

Japan

Mauritius

Plasma

CURES Serum CHOD-PAP method

Chennai 2006 Serum Standard enzymatic

Cremona Study Plasma Enzymatic techniques

Funagata Study Plasma Cholesterol oxidase

Hisayama Study Serum Enzymatic techniques


Enzymetic method after precipitation of VLDL and LDL by means of dextran-magnesiumchloride, with Olli C3000 photometer (Kone Oy,

Enzymatic method after

dextran sulfate magnesium chloride precipitation of apolipoprotein B (apoB) containing lipoproteins

Enzymatic method (CHOD-PAP; Thermo Elektron Oy, Finland) after precipitation by the PTA-precipitation method

Enzymatic CHOD-PAP method after precipitation of LDL and VLDL with a reagent containing phosphotungstic acid and MgCl2 (Boehringer Mannheim)

Enzymatic colorimetric method (CHOD-PAP) Cobas Integra 400/700

Enzymatic method after precipitation with polyethylenglycol

Phosphotungstatemagnesium precipitation

Hitachi 704 autoanalyser, using Boehringer Mannheim

(Mannheim, Germany)

method.

reagents

analyzer

Enzymatic techniques (Monotest, Boehringer Mannheim GmbH,

FRG) Olli C3000 photometer (Kone Oy, Finland)

Enzymatic techniques (CHOD-PAP, Boehringer-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany)

Enzymatic techniques (Glycerol

phosphate oxidaseperoxidaseamidopyrine, GPO-PAP; Thermo Elektron Oy)

Enzymatic method (CHOD-PAP, Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany)

Enzymatic colorimetric method (CHOD-PAP) Cobas Integra 400/700 analyzer

Enzymatic techniques (Boehringer-Mannheim)

Enzymatic method. Hitachi 704 autoanalyser, using Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany) reagents

Finland)

(Monotest, Boehringer Mannheim GmbH,

Olli C3000 photometer (Kone Oy, Finland)

(Cholesterol oxidase-

amidopyrine, CHOD-PAP, Boehringer-Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany)

(CHOD-PAP; Thermo Elektron Oy, Finland);

(CHOD-PAP,

Plasma Enzymatic colorimetric

analyzer

(Boehringer-Mannheim)

Hitachi 704 autoanalyser, using Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany)

reagents

Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany).

method (CHOD-PAP) Cobas Integra 400/700

Finland

National FINRISK Study

National FINRISK Study

Savitaipale Study

India

2002

87, 92

East-West men Serum Enzymatic techniques

FRG)

Serum Enzymatic techniques

Serum Enzymatic method

Oulu Study Serum Enzymatic method

Vantaa Study Serum Enzymatic techniques

Chennai 94 Serum Enzymatic method;

peroxidase-


Mauritius

Ethnic Difference in Lipid Profiles 29

phosphotumgstate. Trinders's Method

Enzymatic techniques after precipitation of the low and very low-density lipoproteins (Boehringer-Mannheim, Mannheim,

Enzymatic method after precipitation of apoBcontaining particles by means of dextran magnesium sulphate.

Enzymatic methods Standard

Germany)

Measuring the supernatant cholesterol concentration after precipitation of apoBcontaining lipoproteins with heparin and manganese.

Cobas Bio centrifugal analyzer (Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden

phosphotungstic acid in

the presence of magnesium ions.

City, UK)

Enzymatic spectrophotometric method (Roche Diagnostics, Hatfield, Herts, U.K.) after precipitation of LDL by the addition of

and IL Test Enzymaticcolorimetric Method for use in a Monarch apparatus (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington, USA).

Enzymatic techniques (Boehringer-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany);

Enzymatic techniques (CHOD-PAP mono-test kit,Boehringer-Mannheim)

automated enzymatic method with the RA1000 (Bayer Diagnostics, Suffolk, U.K.),

Lipase/glycerol kinase method. Cobas Bio centrifugal analyzer (Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, UK)

Enzymatic spectrophotometric method (Roche Diagnostics, Hatfield, Herts,

U.K.).

Men (ULSAM) Method and IL Test

Zutphen Serum Enzymatic techniques

The Netherlands The Hoorn Study

U.K. Isle of ELY Diabetes Project

Newcastle Heart

The Goodinge Study

Project

Enzymatic-

apparatus (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington, USA). (http://www.pubcare. uu.se/ULSAM/invest/ 70yrs/meth70.htm#09)

Serum Enzymatic techniques (Boehringer-Mannheim,

Plasma Enzymatic techniques, RA 1000 (Bayer Diagnostics, Basingstoke, Hants,

UK)

Plasma Cholesterol esterase

Measures of lipid components in each study.

Plasma Cholesterol

colorimetric Method for use in a Monarch

Mannheim, Germany);

(CHOD-PAP monotest kit,Boehringer-Mannheim)

oxidase/peroxidase method with Cobas Bio centrifugal analyzer (Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, UK)

method (Boehringer Mannheim, Lewes, Sussex, U.K.)


Manual enzymatic colorimetric method (Coulter Minikem Spectrophotometer), (Boeringer Cat no

Manual enzymatic colorimetric method(Coulter Minikem

Spectrophotometer) (Boeringer Cat nr

400971)

France)

France)

Roche

Standard

Enzymatic techniques (Boehringer-Mannheim)

Enzymatic

enzymatic methods (Boehringer-Mannheim Hitachi 717 autoanalyser, Tokyo, Japan)

Enzymatic method (CHOD-PAP, Boehringer-Mannheim GmbH, Germany)

techniques using IL Test Cholesterol

Enzymatic method (Boehringer-Mannheim)

Automated enzymatic methods; Cobas Mira analyzer (Roche Diagnostics,

Automated enzymatic method with Chemistry Profile Analyser Model LS (Coulter-

Precipitation method (Biomerieux)

Automated enzymatic method, Chemistry Profile Analyser Model LS

Automated enzymatic methods; Cobas Mira analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, France) Direct method (Biomerieux)

Determined in the supernatant after

Phosphotungstate precipitation (Boehringer-Mannheim Hitachi 717 autoanalyser, Tokyo,

Enzymatic techniques (Boehringer-Mannheim)

Phosphotungstate-Mg2+ precipitation method

Separated by precipitation

with magnesium chloride/

Japan)

Mannheim)

precipitation with heparin manganese (Boehringer-

Cobas Micra Plus Roche Cobas Micra Plus

(Coulter- France) Precipitation method (Biomerieux)

701912)

Manual enzymatic colorimetric method (Coulter Minikem Spectrophotometer), (Boeringer Cat no

Automated enzymatic

Automated enzymatic methods; Cobas Mira analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, France)

Burchard method (Boehringer-Mannheim)

701912)

method with Chemistry Profile Analyser Model LS (Coulter- France)

Mauritius 1987 Venous

Mauritius 1992 Venous

Mauritius 1998 Venous

Poland

Republic of Cyprus

Spain

Sweden

The Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult

Nicosia Diabetes

plasma

plasma

plasma

POLMONICA Serum Direct Liebermann-

Study Whole Blood Cobas Micra Plus

The Guía Study Plasma Standard enzymatic

The Viva Study Plasma Enzymatic techniques

MONICA Serum Enzymatic techniques

Roche

methods (Boehringer-

Japan)

(Boehringer-Mannheim)

(Boehringer-Mannheim GmbH, Germany)

Serum Enzymatic techniques using IL Test

Cholesterol Trinders's

Mannheim Hitachi 717 autoanalyser, Tokyo,


Measures of lipid components in each study.

Ethnic Difference in Lipid Profiles 31

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**3** 

*Iran* 

Maryam Shalileh

**Nutrigenetics and Dyslipidemia** 

Dyslipidemia is an abnormal amount of lipids (abnormality in any of the lipoprotein fractions), especially elevated Low Density Lipoprotein (LDLs) and decreased High Density Lipoprotein (HDLs) in the blood (Shalileh et al., 2009). In developed countries, most dyslipidemias are hyperlipidemias; that is, an elevation of lipids in the blood, are often due to diet and lifestyle (Wikipedia., 2011; Shalileh et al., 2009). According to the Katharina studie's, elevated cholesterol levels and dyslipoproteinemia are metabolic abnormalities that are becoming increasingly significant in industrialized countries, but also worldwide

There is a proportional increase in the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) with rising serum cholesterol levels (Shalileh et al., 2009). Dyslipidaemia is an important risk factor for

CVD is a common killer in both the Western and the developing world and is the leading

More people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause. An estimated 17. 1 million people died from CVDs in 2004, representing 29%of all global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7. 2 million were due to CHD and 5. 7 million were due to stroke. By 2030, almost 23. 6 million people will die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease and

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of CHD and related mortality (Debra., 2008; Shalileh et al., 2009) .Endothelial dysfunction initiates atherosclerosis (Shalileh et al., 2009) . The first observable event in the process of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of plaque (cholesterol from low-density lipoproteins, calcium, and fibrin) in the endothelium in large

One of the factors that causes endothelial dysfunction is dyslipidemia (Shalileh et al., 2009).

CVD represents the paradigm of multi factorial disorders encompassing multiple genetic and non modifiable risk factors, for example older age and modifiable risk factors such as elevated total and LDL-cholesteroland and triglycerides concentrations, reduced HDLcholesterol concentrations (Ordovas & Corella., 2004; Ordovas., 2009; Perez-Martinez et al, 2011; Lovegrove & Gitau, 2008). The interactions of those modulate plasma lipid

concentrations and potentially CVD risk (Ordovas., 2009; Lovegrove & Gitau., 2008).

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (Masson & McNeili., 2005).

cause of death globally (Lovegrove & Gitau., 2008).

**1. Introduction** 

(Shalileh et al., 2009).

stroke (WHO. 2011).

**2. Treatment** 

and medium arteries (Debra., 2008).

*Islamic Azad University of Hamedan Branch* 

