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**18** 

**Dyslipidemia Induced by Stress** 

and Dulce Elena Casarini5\*

Fernanda Klein Marcondes1, Vander José das Neves1, Rafaela Costa1, Andrea Sanches1, Tatiana Sousa Cunha1,2, Maria José Costa Sampaio Moura3, Ana Paula Tanno4

The pioneering work of Hans Selye (1936) led to the use of the word "stress" in a biological context gaining popularity world-wide. Stress is as an organic response to stressors that can be aversive stimuli or unknown situations capable of compromising homeostasis. During the stress reaction, the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis are stimulated. Consequently, serum concentrations of classical stress hormones, namely catecholamines and glucocorticoids, are increased and act on cells and tissues inducing adaptive changes in order to protect the organism and allow its survival. In addition, the stress reaction can also modulate immune system activities and the secretion of

Considering that organic homeostatic systems are subject to frequent environmental and internal variations, Sterling and Eyer (1988) proposed the term alostasis to describe the

The terms eustress and efficient allostasis describe facile adaptation, such as a quick peak stress response to mobilize energy to deal with an acute stressor, and a rapid return to baseline, when the stressor terminates. On the other hand, distress or allostatic load refers to an imbalance in systems that promote adaptation (Epel, 2009; Korte et al., 2005). This imbalance can simply be the result of too much repeated stress, but it can also be the result of adaptative systems that are out of balance and fail to shut-off or, alternatively, systems that fail to return to normal (Epel, 2009). Therefore the shut-off of the stress response is particularly important, because, when systems do not shut off in time, they can cause

The classical stress hormones, glucocorticoids (cortisol) and catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), are catabolic and modulate the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides and proteins into molecules that can be rapidly metabolized in order to generate energy (Black, 2002). These responses enable energy substrates to be directed to organs and tissues

\*1*Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil 2Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil 3Life Sciences Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 4Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Americana, Americana, Brazil* 

*5Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil*

other hormones (gonadotrophins, estrogen, testosterone, thyroid, angiotensins).

damage or promote pathology (McEwen, 1998).

adaptative processes that actively maintain stability through physiological changes.

**1. Introduction**

