**Acknowledgements**

This work was financially supported via the Global Excellence and Stature (GES) Fellowship of the University of Johannesburg granted to the main author (S. Gbashi), as well as, the South African National Research Foundation (NRF).

(Online) Retrieved December 20, 2017, from http://www.cta.int/en/article/2016-10-21/

The Socio-Economic Impact of Mycotoxin Contamination in Africa

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79328

15

[6] AUC-PACA and CTA. Engaging the private sector for aflatoxin control in Africa. Concept note. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) in conjunction with the Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA), Entebbe, Uganda; 2016. (Online) Retrieved December 20, 2017, from http://www.cta.int/images/ PACA\_CTA\_Concept Note\_Engaging the Private Sector for Aflatoxin Controlv2\_JAF

[7] Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Bandyopadhyay R, Müller J, Vanlauwe B. Mycotoxins in sub Saharan Africa: Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and out-

[8] Makun HA, Dutton MF, Njobeh PB, Gbodi TA, Ogbadu GH. Aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds: A special focus on Africa. In: Ayman AE, editor. Trends in Vital Food

[9] Marin S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and

[10] Dors GC, Caldas SS, Feddern V, Bemvenuti RH, dos Santos Hackbart HC, de Souza MM, dos Santos Oliveira M, Garda-Buffon J, Primel EG, Badiale-Furlong E. Aflatoxins: Contamination, analysis and control. In: Guevara-Gonzalez RG, editor. Aflatoxins-

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2011. pp. 415-438

[11] IARC. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. In: Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (Vol. 82). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - World Health Organization. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; 2002 [12] Chilaka CA, De Boevre M, Atanda OO, De Saeger S. The status of Fusarium mycotoxins in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of emerging trends and post-harvest mitigation strate-

[13] Haschek Haschek WM, Voss KA, Beasley VR. Selected mycotoxins affecting animal and human health. In: Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. San Diego,

[14] Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the analysis of challenging food contaminants: Nanoparticles, bisphenols, mycotoxins, and

[15] Gratz SW.Do Plant-bound masked Mycotoxins contribute to toxicity? Toxins. 2017;**9**(3):85 [16] Grenier B, Oswald I. Mycotoxin co-contamination of food and feed: Meta-analysis of publications describing toxicological interactions. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2011;

[17] Darwish WS, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SM, Ishizuka M. An overview on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2014;**76**(6):789-797

brominated flame retardants. Advances in Molecular Toxicology. 2014;**8**:35-105

and Control Engineering. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2012. pp. 187-234

exposure assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013;**60**:218-237

mitigating-the-consequences-of-aflatoxin-in-africa.html

CTA\_080916.pdf

look. Food Control. 2017;**72**:110-122

gies towards food control. Toxins. 2017;**9**(1):1-37

California: Academic Press; 2002. pp. 645-699

**4**(3):285-313
