Author details

Adil Charef\*, M'barek Feddaoui, Abderrahman Nait Alla and Monssif Najim

\*Address all correspondence to: adil.charef@edu.uiz.ac.ma

Laboratory of Energy, Materials and Systems Engineering, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

[2] Lebedev PD, Baklastov AM, Sergazin ZF. Aerodynamics, heat and mass transfer in vapour condensation from humid air on a flat plate in a longitudinal flow in asymmetrically cooled slot. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 1916;12:833-841. DOI:

Computational Study of Liquid Film Condensation with the Presence of Non-Condensable Gas in a Vertical Tube

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76753

75

[3] Dobran F, Thorsen RS. Forced flow laminar filmwise condensation of a pure saturated vapor in a vertical tube. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 1980;23:161-177.

[4] Siow E, Ormiston S, Soliman H. Fully coupled solution of a two-phase model for laminar film condensation of vapor-gas mixtures in horizontal channels. International Journal of

[5] Siow E, Ormiston S, Soliman H. A two-phase model for laminar film condensation from steam air mixtures in vertical parallel-plate channels. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2004;40(5):

[6] Belhadj Mohamed A, Orfi J, Debissi C, Ben Nasrallah S. Condensation of water vapor in a vertical channel by mixed convection of humid air in the presence of a liquid film flowing

[7] Dharma Rao V, Murali Krishna V, Sharma K, Rao PM. Convective condensation of vapor in the presence of a non-condensable gas of high concentration in laminar flow in a

[8] Lee KY, Kim MH. Experimental and empirical study of steam condensation heat transfer with a noncondensable gas in a small-diameter vertical tube. Nuclear Engineering and

[9] Nebuloni S, Thome JR. Numerical modeling of laminar annular film condensation for different channel shapes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2010;53:2615-

[10] Chantana C, Kumar S. Experimental and theoretical investigation of air-steam condensation in a vertical tube at low inlet steam fractions. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2013;54:

[11] Dahikar SK, Ganguli AA, Gandhi MS, Joshi JB, Vijayan PK. Heat transfer and flow pattern in co-current downward steam condensation in vertical pipes-I: CFD simulation and experimental measurements. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2012:1-15

[12] Merouani L, Zeghmati B, Belhamri A. Numerical modelling of convective vapour condensation with non-condensable gases between two coaxial vertical cylinders. The Canadian

[13] Qiujie Y, Tian M, Fang D. CFD simulation of air-steam condensation on an isothermal vertical plate. International Journal of Heat and Technology. 2015;33:25-32. DOI: 10.18280/

[14] Semiat R, Galperin Y. Effect of non-condensable gases on heat transfer in the tower MED

vertical pipe. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2008;51:6090-6101

Design. 2008;238:207-216. DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.07.001

2627. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.02.054

399-412. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.02.024

Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013;91:1597-1607

seawater desalination plant. Desalination. 2001;140(1):27-46

10.1016/0017-9310(69)90150-1

365-375

ijht.330104

DOI: 10.1016/0017-9310(80)90194-5

down. Desalination. 2007;204:471-481

Heat and Mass Transfer. 2002;45(18):3689-3702

#### References

[1] Nusselt W. Die Oberflachenkondesation des Wasserdamffes the surface condensation of water. Zetrschr. Ver. Deutch. Ing. 1916:541-546

[2] Lebedev PD, Baklastov AM, Sergazin ZF. Aerodynamics, heat and mass transfer in vapour condensation from humid air on a flat plate in a longitudinal flow in asymmetrically cooled slot. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 1916;12:833-841. DOI: 10.1016/0017-9310(69)90150-1

v radial velocity (m. s�<sup>1</sup>

74 Desalination and Water Treatment

w mass fraction of vapour

r radial coordinate (m)

δ liquid film thickness (m) λ thermal conductivity (w.k�<sup>1</sup>

μ dynamic viscosity (kg. m�<sup>1</sup>

r density (kg. m�<sup>3</sup>

ɸ relative humidity (%)

L referring to the liquid

a referring to the air

Author details

G referring to the gas mixture

0 condition at inlet of the tube W condition at wall of the tube

τ shear stress

Subscripts

I interface

x axial

Morocco

References

Greek symbols

J" mass flux at the interface (kg.m�<sup>2</sup>

hfg latent heat of condensation (J. kg�<sup>1</sup>

)

)

.s�<sup>1</sup> )

)

. m�<sup>1</sup> )

Adil Charef\*, M'barek Feddaoui, Abderrahman Nait Alla and Monssif Najim

Laboratory of Energy, Materials and Systems Engineering, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir,

[1] Nusselt W. Die Oberflachenkondesation des Wasserdamffes the surface condensation of

\*Address all correspondence to: adil.charef@edu.uiz.ac.ma

water. Zetrschr. Ver. Deutch. Ing. 1916:541-546

. s�<sup>1</sup> )


[15] Al-Shammari S, Webb D, Heggs P. Condensation of steam with and without the presence of non-condensable gases in a vertical tube. Desalination. 2004;169(2):151-160 http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2003.11.006

**Chapter 5**

one hundred

**Provisional chapter**

**Distilled Water Production by Vacuum Heat Pump**

**Distilled Water Production by Vacuum Heat Pump**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76839

 A new machine to produce distilled water was provided, which includes a heat pump system and a vacuum system. And in the vacuum system of this new machine, the ejector is the key component. Three kinds of ejectors were studied by using FLUENT software to simulate their parameters. The simulation results showed that a vacuum is formed in the ejector throat, where the speed also reached its maximum value. The optimized ratio between the area of the throat and that of the mixing section can be obtained according to theoretical calculations. The ejector with the ratio 0.0156 can be used to prepare distilled water, and the experimental results show that the energy consumption of 1 kilogram distilled water is lower than 0.3 kWh. In the heat pump system, the capillary is the key component. Five kinds of capillaries were studied by using CFD software to simulate their parameters. The simulation results showed that the larger the degree of supercooling of the refrigerant in the capillary, the larger the liquid volume fraction of the outlet refrigerant. The experimental results show that suitable capillary can greatly improve the efficiency of the system.

**Keywords:** ejector, simulate, the ratio of ejector, distilled water, capillary tube,

With the development of economy, the problems of water resource shortage and energy shortages appeared in more and more countries and regions. At the same time, people also have increasing demands on the quality and quantity of water, so the research of water treat-

Although 70% of the earth is covered by water, the freshwater that people depend on is only 2.5–3% of the total water, and the entire world is facing a serious shortage of fresh water

resources. In China [1], for example, China's total water resources for 2.81 × 104

condensate depression, energy conservation optimization

ment and purification has never been stopped.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Liu Bin, Cai Ling, Li Tianyin and Sajid Muhammad

Liu Bin, Cai Ling, Li Tianyin and Sajid Muhammad

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76839

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**


#### **Distilled Water Production by Vacuum Heat Pump Distilled Water Production by Vacuum Heat Pump**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76839

Liu Bin, Cai Ling, Li Tianyin and Sajid Muhammad Liu Bin, Cai Ling, Li Tianyin and Sajid Muhammad

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76839

#### **Abstract**

[15] Al-Shammari S, Webb D, Heggs P. Condensation of steam with and without the presence of non-condensable gases in a vertical tube. Desalination. 2004;169(2):151-160 http://dx.

[16] Caruso G, Di Maio DV, Naviglio A. Condensation heat transfer coefficient with noncondensable gases inside near horizontal tubes, Desalination, vol. 309, (2013) pp. 247-253.

[17] Hassaninejadfarahani F, Guyot MK, Ormiston S. Numerical analysis of mixed-convection laminar film condensation from high air mass fraction steam–air mixtures in vertical tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2014;78:170-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[18] Charef A, Feddaoui M, Najim M, Meftah H. Liquid film condensation from water vapour flowing downward along a vertical tube. Desalination. 2017;409:21-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[19] Eckert E, Drake Jr. Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: Hemisphere Publish-

[20] Poling BE, Prausnitz JM, John Paul O, Reid RC. The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5.

[21] Perry R, Green D. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997 [22] Patankar S. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. New York: Hemisphere/McGraw-

[24] Raithby GD, Schneider GE. Numerical solution of problems in incompressible fluid flow: Treatment of the velocity pressure coupling. Numerical Heat Transfer. 1979;2(4):417-440

[25] Anderson DA, Tannehill JC, Pletcher RH. Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat

[26] Charef A, Feddaoui M, Najim M, Meftah H. Comparative study during condensation of R152a and R134a with presence of non-condensable gas inside a vertical tube. Heat and

[23] Nougier JP. Méthodes de calcul numérique. 3rd ed. Paris: Masson; 1991

Mass Transfer. 2018;54:1085-1099. DOI: 10.1007/s00231-017-2205-2

Transfer. New York: Hemisphere/McGraw-Hill; 1984

doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2003.11.006

ijheatmasstransfer.2014.06.047

New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001

desal.2017.01.018

76 Desalination and Water Treatment

ing; 1987

Hill; 1980

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.09.049

 A new machine to produce distilled water was provided, which includes a heat pump system and a vacuum system. And in the vacuum system of this new machine, the ejector is the key component. Three kinds of ejectors were studied by using FLUENT software to simulate their parameters. The simulation results showed that a vacuum is formed in the ejector throat, where the speed also reached its maximum value. The optimized ratio between the area of the throat and that of the mixing section can be obtained according to theoretical calculations. The ejector with the ratio 0.0156 can be used to prepare distilled water, and the experimental results show that the energy consumption of 1 kilogram distilled water is lower than 0.3 kWh. In the heat pump system, the capillary is the key component. Five kinds of capillaries were studied by using CFD software to simulate their parameters. The simulation results showed that the larger the degree of supercooling of the refrigerant in the capillary, the larger the liquid volume fraction of the outlet refrigerant. The experimental results show that suitable capillary can greatly improve the efficiency of the system.

**Keywords:** ejector, simulate, the ratio of ejector, distilled water, capillary tube, condensate depression, energy conservation optimization

#### **1. Introduction**

With the development of economy, the problems of water resource shortage and energy shortages appeared in more and more countries and regions. At the same time, people also have increasing demands on the quality and quantity of water, so the research of water treatment and purification has never been stopped.

Although 70% of the earth is covered by water, the freshwater that people depend on is only 2.5–3% of the total water, and the entire world is facing a serious shortage of fresh water resources. In China [1], for example, China's total water resources for 2.81 × 104 one hundred

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

million tons, accounting for sixth place in the world. However, per capita water resources in the global rankings are 108 in China, and China is one of the most water-short countries in 21 poor countries in the world, and water per capita fresh water is only <sup>1</sup>⁄4 times the word average per capita. And in 2010, the total water demand was 730 billion tons in China, but the water supply was only 6200~6300 billion tons. By 2030, the water deficit will be higher than 100 billion cubic meters in 2010, and the amount of water per capita will fall to 1760 *m*<sup>3</sup> . The most severe water shortage is in the coastal industrial cities, where the per capita water resource is much lower than 500 *m*<sup>3</sup> , which belongs to the severe water shortage area.

and AQSOA-Z02 on distilled water, Youssef [16] summed up the effect of different cooling water temperatures on the two kinds of materials. Ebrahimi [17] studied the use of low-grade

Distilled Water Production by Vacuum Heat Pump http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76839 79

Although the principle of the method for producing distilled water is various, the study on the distilled water by vacuum heat pump is relatively rare. In this paper, the effect of the pres-

The structure of system is divided into two parts: the refrigeration cycle system and the water

The principle of refrigeration cycle system is that the high-temperature and high-pressure gas from compressor releases heat when it enters into the vapor generator and auxiliary con-

**Figure 1.** System structure of distilled water. 1, compressor; 2, vapor generator; 3, auxiliary condenser; 4, capillary; 5, condensate absorber; 6, vent valve; 7, gas–liquid separator; 8, water intake; 9, water outlet; 10, high-pressure diaphragm

sure of the ejector pressure on the production of distilled water is studied.

heat source for seawater desalination.

The vacuum heat pump system is shown in **Figure 1**.

**2. System structure**

cycle system.

pump; 11, ejector.

Scholars have done a lot of the work on water purification and other aspects, but the principle of the method is not the same, and new methods and new technologies continue to emerge. For example, Sevda et al. [2] use microbial respiration to purify the water, and they have made the single seawater desalination room volume increased from 3 ml to 15 L. There are also a lot of traditional researches on the distilled water by evaporation pipe, for example, Hegazy [3] collected the water through a vacuum evaporator to collect steam condensation, and the energy consumption is about 1.8 Kwhr/kg; Mahkamov [4] studied a new type of small and dynamic solar desalination device, where the piston converter was driven by solar energy and with periodic changes in volume and pressure, in which the purified water can be collected in evaporation tube. There are also many scholars who used membrane technology to produce distilled water. For example, Deshmukh et al. [5] studied the desalination by forward osmosis, and they summed up quantitative results between the structure parameters of the support layer with reduced film area in a certain range, thereby saving cost. In the direct contact membrane distillation process, Duong [6] optimized the thermal efficiency of the brine, so that the water recycling rate ranges from 20 to 60% and the energy consumption can be reduced by more than half. Khalifa [7] and other studies have used air gap membrane distillation to produce distilled water, and the influence of feed temperature and air gap width on the system performance was obtained. In addition, solar energy as a clean energy was also widely used to produce distilled water, for example, Reif et al. [8] used solar energy to desalination. Comparing with the conversion of solar energy into electricity, they pointed out that it was more effective and attractive for the system to be converted into heat energy. Sahoo et al. [9] used solar energy for desalination of sea water and polygeneration, reducing the cost and greenhouse gas emissions. Combination of distilled water and refrigeration system has been researched in depth by scholars. For example, Wang [10] studied a high-efficiency combined desalination and refrigeration system based on the LiBr-H2 O absorption cycle, getting more high energy utilization rate and lower operating costs. Nada [11] et al. studied the water production rate of distilled water in the process of desiccant air conditioning. Houa et al. [12] used simulation method to verify the feasibility of marine cooling system with seawater cooling and seawater desalination. Chiranjeevi [13] studied the combination of the two-stage seawater desalination and refrigeration system to improve the energy utilization coefficient. Scholars have studied other methods for producing distilled water, for example, Rommerskirchen [14] produced distilled water by using the single module electrode capacitor. Compared to the traditional capacitive de ionized, it can produce distilled water continuously. Zhang [15] studied the influence of salt, anionic polyacrylamide, and crude oil on the membrane fouling in the process of polymer flooding. Comparing with the effect of silica gel and AQSOA-Z02 on distilled water, Youssef [16] summed up the effect of different cooling water temperatures on the two kinds of materials. Ebrahimi [17] studied the use of low-grade heat source for seawater desalination.

Although the principle of the method for producing distilled water is various, the study on the distilled water by vacuum heat pump is relatively rare. In this paper, the effect of the pressure of the ejector pressure on the production of distilled water is studied.
