**Author details**

Arne Nils Linløkken

Address all correspondence to: arne.linlokken@inn.no

Inland Norway University College, Hamar, Norway

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**Conflict of interest**

**Author details**

Arne Nils Linløkken

**References**

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There is no conflict of interest.

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**Chapter 4**

**Provisional chapter**

**Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphism and**

**Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphism and** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78029

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immune-surveillance and responses towards pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. They act as innate immune sensors against endogenous and exogenous danger signals by recognizing the pattern recognition molecules (DAMPs and PAMPs) and drive an adaptive immune response through their signaling pathways, which leads to NF-κB and IRF3 transactivation and induces different inflammatory cytokine genes. TLRs polymorphisms were investigated in various cancer types studies. However, precious studies have reported that the Polymorphisms on TLR1-TLR10 cluster have been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. However, it has known that TLRs genetic variation is associated with increased the susceptibility to gastric cancer. A same synthetically meta- analysis also confirmed the association of TLRs with increased the gastrointestinal cancer but with decreased prostate cancer risk. Our previous studies have demonstrated a strong link between TLRs polymorphisms and colon cancer and breast cancer in Saudi Arabia population. Similar studies were analyzed with Korean patients with papillary thyroid cancer and their clinic-pathologic features in age matched controls by using direct sequencing. The general objective of this chapter was to investigate the role of different TLRs (i.e., TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6) polymorphisms and their association with cancer development.

**Keywords:** toll-like receptors, TLRs signaling pathway, polymorphism, cancer

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immune surveillance and responses to pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms. They act as innate immune sensors against

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Susceptibility to Cancer Development**

**Susceptibility to Cancer Development**

Abdelhabib Semlali, Rawan Alnemari, Esraa Almalki,

Abdelhabib Semlali, Rawan Alnemari, Esraa Almalki,

Reem Alrashed and Mohammed Alanazi

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78029

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Reem Alrashed and Mohammed AlanaziAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### **Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Cancer Development Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Cancer Development**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78029

Abdelhabib Semlali, Rawan Alnemari, Esraa Almalki, Reem Alrashed and Mohammed Alanazi Abdelhabib Semlali, Rawan Alnemari, Esraa Almalki, Reem Alrashed and Mohammed AlanaziAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78029

#### **Abstract**

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immune-surveillance and responses towards pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. They act as innate immune sensors against endogenous and exogenous danger signals by recognizing the pattern recognition molecules (DAMPs and PAMPs) and drive an adaptive immune response through their signaling pathways, which leads to NF-κB and IRF3 transactivation and induces different inflammatory cytokine genes. TLRs polymorphisms were investigated in various cancer types studies. However, precious studies have reported that the Polymorphisms on TLR1-TLR10 cluster have been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. However, it has known that TLRs genetic variation is associated with increased the susceptibility to gastric cancer. A same synthetically meta- analysis also confirmed the association of TLRs with increased the gastrointestinal cancer but with decreased prostate cancer risk. Our previous studies have demonstrated a strong link between TLRs polymorphisms and colon cancer and breast cancer in Saudi Arabia population. Similar studies were analyzed with Korean patients with papillary thyroid cancer and their clinic-pathologic features in age matched controls by using direct sequencing. The general objective of this chapter was to investigate the role of different TLRs (i.e., TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6) polymorphisms and their association with cancer development.

**Keywords:** toll-like receptors, TLRs signaling pathway, polymorphism, cancer

#### **1. Introduction**

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immune surveillance and responses to pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms. They act as innate immune sensors against

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

endogenous and exogenous danger signals by using pattern recognition molecules (DAMPs and PAMPs) and drive an adaptive immune response through their signaling pathways, which leads to NF-κB and IRF3 transactivation and induces different inflammatory cytokine genes. Over the past several years, different studies have indicated that TLR polymorphisms modify the cellular immune response and that some of these polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases as well as cancer incidence and severity [1–3]. However, previous studies have reported that the polymorphisms on the TLR1-TLR10 cluster have been associated with increased risk of cancer. A meta-analysis also confirmed the association of TLRs with increased risk of cancer development. Our previous studies have demonstrated a strong link between TLR polymorphisms and colon as well as breast cancer in the Saudi Arabian population. Similar studies have been conducted with Korean patients with papillary thyroid cancer and their clinicopathologic features in age-matched controls using direct sequencing. The general objective of this chapter is to investigate the role of different TLR (i.e., TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6) polymorphisms and their association with cancer development.
