**Author details**

Salwa Teama

identification and the genomic studies of different ethnic groups worldwide, because the small size of X-chromosome STR alleles; about 100–350 nucleotides, it is relatively easy to be

DNA typing becomes the method of choice for engraftment monitoring, donor cells are examined by following donor polymorphisms in the recipient blood and bone marrow. Although RFLP can efficiently differentiate donor and recipient cells, the detection of RFLP requires the use of southern blot methods, which is too labor intensive and has limited sensitivity for this application, in comparison with small minisatellites or microsatellites that are easily detected by PCR amplification, because of increased rapidity and the 0.5–1% sensitivity achievable with PCR. Sensitivity can be raised to 0.01% using Y-STR, but this approach is limited to that transplant from sex mismatched donor recipient pairs preferably from a female donor to a

Nowadays, DNA fingerprinting is used as a tool for designing "personalized" medical treat-

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have become an important application in the development and research of genetic diseases or other phenotypic traits. Haplotypes are groups of SNPs that are generally inherited together. Haplotypes can have stronger correlations with diseases or other phenotypic effects compared with individual SNPs and may therefore pro-

Polymorphic tandem repeated sequences have emerged as important genetic markers and initially, variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) were used in DNA fingerprinting; in recent years, evidence has been accumulated for the involvement of VNTR repeats in a wide

The new global CNV map will transform medical research in four main areas: detection for genes underlying common diseases, study of familial genetic conditions, exclude variation found in unaffected individuals, helping researchers to target the region that might be involved and the data generated will also contribute to a more accurate and complete human genome reference sequence used by all biomedical scientists. Currently, approximately 2000 CNVs have been described; there could be thousands more CNVs in the human population. About 100 CNVs were detected in each genome tested with the average size being 250,000 bases (an average gene is 60,000 bases). With advanced molecular technologies more CNVs will be discovered and more DNA samples from worldwide populations are examined.

Recently, there has been substantial progress in understanding genome content which centered on protein-coding genes which considered a functional DNA sequence moving away for many discoveries, many repeat families, and various copy number variations that play

amplified and detected with high sensitivity" [43].

**7.2. DNA typing and engraftment monitoring**

34 Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility

**8. Conclusion and future perspectives**

vide increased diagnostic accuracy in some cases.

male recipient [2].

ments for cancer patients.

spectrum of pathological states.

Address all correspondence to: salwateama2004@yahoo.com

Molecular Genetics Unit, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
