**Author details**

morphology was obtained from the electrodeposition process with mechanical perturbations, and it represents a route for obtaining CIGS films by electrodeposition with improved

**Figure 11.** GIXRD diffraction pattern of CIGS films obtained with mechanical perturbation and without mechanical

**Figure 11** shows the GIXRD diffraction pattern for the film deposited with a potentiostatic mode with and without periodical mechanical perturbations with an incidence angle of

PDF#42–1120, and PDF#29–0914. First of all, the films exhibit a highly (112) preferred orientation. From **Figure 11(a)**, it can be seen that the as-electrodeposited film shows a poor crystallinity, which is a characteristic of CIGS films before annealing. Also, a diffraction peak of the Mo, which is the substrate and back contact, is identified. The main difference in the diffraction patterns is that there is a greater intensity in the film formed with mechanical perturbation than the film formed without mechanical perturbation. This indicates the presence of higher crystallinity in the film obtained with the mechanical perturbation. **Figure 11(b)** presents the diffraction patterns of the annealed films in selenium atmosphere; these show a high crystalline quality, which is revealed by the well-defined chalcopyrite peaks. The annealing

structures are identified according to PDF#35–1102,

morphology.

1.5°. The CuIn<sup>x</sup>

Ga(1-x)Se2

, Mo, and MoSe<sup>2</sup>

perturbation: (a) as-electrodeposited films and (b) annealed films [13].

112 Perturbation Methods with Applications in Science and Engineering

Baudel Lara Lara1 \*, Arturo Fernández Madrigal<sup>2</sup> , Lizbeth Morales Salas2 and Alejandro Altamirano Gutiérrez<sup>3</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: ing\_lara@uaslp.mx

1 Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria Poniente, San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., México

2 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos, México

3 Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, México
