1. Introduction

### 1.1. History of transplantation

Organ transplantation is one of the greatest achievements in history of medicine in the twentieth century. Kidney transplantation has become the primary method of treating severe chronic renal failure. The first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954 in Boston, the graft was in function for 7 years, and patient died because of the heart disease. Over the past decades, organ transplantation has achieved incredible proportions through the development of surgical techniques, organ preservation methods, new diagnostic procedures, but, in particular, through discovery of powerful immunosuppressants.

#### 1.2. Kidney transplant recipients

#### 1.2.1. Becoming a kidney recipient

Kidney transplantation has become the primary method of treating severe chronic renal failure. After kidney transplantation, life is better, more quality and longer than during dialysis. It is recommended that all patients in end-stage kidney disease should be considered as potential kidney transplant recipients no matter of absolute contraindications. Because of the lack of available organs for transplant and all possible risks of immunosupresive drugs, careful consideration and adequate preparation of patients are indispensable. All studies related to the preparation of the transplant patient are covered by a protocol that includes detailed medical history, physical examination, system review including an examination by a psychologist. To be considered as transplant recipient, patient should be put on the transplant program's waiting list. To select recipients from a deceased donor in our country, we use the prescribed criteria. Among these criteria, an important place includes a blood type, match between the recipient and the donor, tissue typing, length of time on the dialysis and sensibility of the recipient [1].

#### 1.2.2. Contraindications for kidney transplantation in the recipient

Contraindications for kidney transplantation in the recipient may be absolute, relative and temporary. Absolute contraindications: contraindications for general anesthesia or surgery, metastatic malignancy, refractory cardial decompensation, chronic respiratory insufficiency, advanced coronary or cerebrovascular disease, coagulopathy, chronic infection, mental retardation, psychosis, alcoholism, drug addiction. Relative contraindications: frequent respiratory infections, heart failure with frequent exacerbations, frequent digestive bleeding, previous malignancy, primary renal disease with a high degree of postoperative recurrence.

Temporary contraindications: tuberculosis and other chronic infections, bleeding, unexplained focal infection, unresolved bladder anomalies, arterial hypertension with complications, pronounced secondary hyperparathyroidism.
