**2. Where we were**

Expansion of new diagnostic modalities and glioma treatment, such as imaging, stereotaxic localization, and standardization of the microsurgical technique, practically started in the 1980s. These methods, however, contributed to a better, safer, and more precise glioma resection, but there was no clear confirmation of better survival. We had to hope for better adjuvant therapy effects.

Until recently, rare were prospective randomized studies confirming that the gross total resection improved the outcome. The use of 5-ALA at resection enabled the doubling of time of 6-month progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Significant glioma treatment progress occurred with the introduction of neuronavigational (frameless) biopsy in almost routine practice, followed by analysis of a tumor sample with a series of biomarkers; so, even before entering the operating theater for tumor resection, now it is possible to have a lot of information on its nature; glioma resection can be worked out in much more detail both for low-grade glioma (LGG) and for high-grade glioma (HGG). We should have in mind that today's accepted practice is that, when frozen section shows grade III glioma, we should do the aggressive tumor resection as much as possible. For grade IV (glioblastoma), the extensive resection is also critical for outcome [4]. On the other hand, midline tumors have a poorer prognosis compared to lobar equivalents, probably for the reason that the radical resection is feasible with more difficulties [5].

With time, significant progress has been made in the treatment and strategy of glioma patient treatment. This relates particularly to malignant gliomas. A shift has been made both in treatment and in diagnostic, with an accent on ever more powerful apparatus for neuroradiological scanning, magnetic resonance (MRI) first of all. Introduction of MRI in the late 1980s revolutionized management of intracranial tumors, and advanced neuroimaging today is one of the most important prerequisites for the modern treatment of glioma. This is possible especially because of combined use of contemporary radiological modalities, particularly integration of structural, metabolic, and functional imaging, which provides optimal multifaceted information for detailed characterization of intracranial gliomas [6]. Methods of the definite confirmation of the glioma kind and grade have walked a path from classical macro- and microscopic pathohistological confirmation of tumor, through morphological-histological, to molecular and genetic diagnosis practically accepted today.
