1. Introduction

Desertification is land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities [1, 2]. Desertification has

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

been treated as one of the most serious social-economic-environmental issues in our world, the total area affected by desertification reaches 6–12 million km<sup>2</sup> , and about 1–6% of inhabitants of dry land live in desertified area [3]. The long-term intensive use and consume of land and vegetation resources, such as overgrazing, overcutting, excessive reclamation, and rapid urbanization, together with the climate change, made desertification expanded greatly in the globe over the past century, especially for the Sahel in Central and Northern Africa, Mediterranean region, Central and Western Asia, and North China [4–6]. For example, an analysis of a time series of remote sensing images between 1981 and 2003 revealed a persistently declining productivity throughout this period on over 20% of the global land, which had impact on 1.5 billion people [7].

have gained that a more consistent understanding of that increasing vegetation coverage can

The Impact of Desertification Dynamics on Regional Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia (China)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74817

13

Identifying and measuring the impact of desertification dynamics on regional ecosystem services is an effective way to assess the costs and benefits to the environment and support sustainable land management decisions in the rural community [24]. Accounting the ecosystem service value (ESV) is useful to analyze the impact of land use and land cover change [25, 26], including desertification dynamics, on regional ecosystem services. For example, Costanza et al. [27] and Daily et al. [28] estimated the global ESV by using a market valuation method, which made it possible to quantitatively analyze and compare the change in the ecosystem services. Ouyang et al. [29] assessed the value of terrestrial ecosystem services in China, including desert ecosystems. Xie et al. [30, 31] established and improved a service value table for desert ecosystems, which had important guiding significance for later studies in China. Yirsaw et al. [32] had analyzed the effect of temporal land use/land cover changes on ecosystem services in coastal area of China. However, these studies always underestimated the importance of the ecosystem services provided by deserts and desertified land, and less attention has been paid to the impact of desertification dynamics on the regional ecosystem services, which might lead to a misunderstanding of the effect of desertification control and

China is one of the countries that is seriously affected by desertification in the world. According to the fifth desertification survey statistics of the State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China, the desertified area in China reached 2,611,600 km2 in 2014, which accounted for 27.20% of the country's total land area [33]. Inner Mongolia autonomous region (hereinafter referred to as Inner Mongolia) is a representative ecologically fragile area in North China and seriously affected by desertification. Combating desertification and promoting the ecosystem services in this region are playing a critical role in guaranteeing the ecological security of North China. Although a great deal of ecological protect projects and polices, such as Three-North Shelterbelt Project, Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Treatment Project, Grain for Green Project [34, 35], no grazing policy [36, 37], have been carried out in recent years, extensive human activities such as mining and rapid urbanization still have a great impact on the vegetation cover and desertification [38, 39]. These factors coupled with climate change have generated significant changes in the desertification and ecosystem services of Inner Mongolia. So, it is necessary and meaningful to investigate the desertification dynamics and assess their impact on regional ecosystem services, which can provide support for policy-makers and land managers involved in desertification control and ecology rehabilitation in arid areas.

includes a total of 88 counties or banners (hereinafter referred to as counties; Figure 1).

E–126�04<sup>0</sup>

E in North China and

provide an effective measure to improve the ecosystem services in dry land [23].

sustainable land management in rural community.

2. Materials and methods

Inner Mongolia lies between 37�24'N–53�23'N and 97�12<sup>0</sup>

2.1. Study area

As one of the most important ecosystems and land cover types in the planet, deserts and desertified land also provide some critical ecosystem services to support their inhabitants and economic-social development, including carbon fixation and oxygen release, hydrological regulation, soil conservation and sand fixation, biodiversity maintenance, and ecological tourism [8, 9], which create ecological and economic value [10, 11]. And, the desertification expansion would lead to the loss of ecosystem services and economy; research sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme showed that the global economic losses caused by desertification and drought were as high as US \$4.2 1010 each year, which was equivalent to all official aid to Africa in 2009 [12]. The reduction of ecosystem services and land production induced by desertification would have a great impact on the sustainable livelihoods of people living in rural community [13]; especially under the background of global warming and urbanization, the risk of land desertification and its potential impact on rural people would become higher and higher [14]. So, effectively control of desertification requires long-term systematic efforts aimed at restoring the functions of desert ecosystem services to realize the securing of both ecological and economic benefits. This will not only require the investment of large amounts of money and new technologies but also need the identification and effort of local people [15].

Over the past few decades, deserts and desertified land have changed greatly due to climate change and human activities, which had resulted in a significant alteration to these areas' global and regional ecosystem services [16–18]. In the process of desertification reversion, the dominant species, plant community structure, and landscape pattern change significantly; annuals gradually evolve into shrubs and perennial herbs, and the species richness, vegetation coverage, and landscape heterogeneity increase; and the soil sand content decreases, as well [19, 20]. All these changes might lead to the enhancement of ecosystem services. For example, a previous study in Yuyang District, Shaanxi Province, China, showed that the Project of Returning Farmland to Forest and other ecological measures had led to an increase in the regional sand stabilization function value of 5.64 106 yuan per year from 1988 to 2003 [21]. However, in the process of desertification expansion, vegetation is destroyed, and more soils are exposed to the air, which will increase the risk of wind erosion and make sand hill active, and then lead to the decrease of ecosystem services, especially for the sand fixation function and service. Research conducted by Ben Mariem and Chaieb had shown that the suitable habitat for alfa grass in Tunisia had increased greatly with the increase in greenhouse gas, which would lead the reduction of ecosystem services provided by dry lands [22]. So, scholars have gained that a more consistent understanding of that increasing vegetation coverage can provide an effective measure to improve the ecosystem services in dry land [23].

Identifying and measuring the impact of desertification dynamics on regional ecosystem services is an effective way to assess the costs and benefits to the environment and support sustainable land management decisions in the rural community [24]. Accounting the ecosystem service value (ESV) is useful to analyze the impact of land use and land cover change [25, 26], including desertification dynamics, on regional ecosystem services. For example, Costanza et al. [27] and Daily et al. [28] estimated the global ESV by using a market valuation method, which made it possible to quantitatively analyze and compare the change in the ecosystem services. Ouyang et al. [29] assessed the value of terrestrial ecosystem services in China, including desert ecosystems. Xie et al. [30, 31] established and improved a service value table for desert ecosystems, which had important guiding significance for later studies in China. Yirsaw et al. [32] had analyzed the effect of temporal land use/land cover changes on ecosystem services in coastal area of China. However, these studies always underestimated the importance of the ecosystem services provided by deserts and desertified land, and less attention has been paid to the impact of desertification dynamics on the regional ecosystem services, which might lead to a misunderstanding of the effect of desertification control and sustainable land management in rural community.

China is one of the countries that is seriously affected by desertification in the world. According to the fifth desertification survey statistics of the State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China, the desertified area in China reached 2,611,600 km2 in 2014, which accounted for 27.20% of the country's total land area [33]. Inner Mongolia autonomous region (hereinafter referred to as Inner Mongolia) is a representative ecologically fragile area in North China and seriously affected by desertification. Combating desertification and promoting the ecosystem services in this region are playing a critical role in guaranteeing the ecological security of North China. Although a great deal of ecological protect projects and polices, such as Three-North Shelterbelt Project, Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Treatment Project, Grain for Green Project [34, 35], no grazing policy [36, 37], have been carried out in recent years, extensive human activities such as mining and rapid urbanization still have a great impact on the vegetation cover and desertification [38, 39]. These factors coupled with climate change have generated significant changes in the desertification and ecosystem services of Inner Mongolia. So, it is necessary and meaningful to investigate the desertification dynamics and assess their impact on regional ecosystem services, which can provide support for policy-makers and land managers involved in desertification control and ecology rehabilitation in arid areas.
