4. Observation and analysis of the proposed HEMS

The aim of using the smart controller is to manage the appliances on the grid to optimize the electricity price. A case study has been observed in a studio-type apartment with ordinary electrical appliances for two persons as shown in Table 1. The priority of the appliances is adjusted by residents based on their comfort level. Here, it is assumed that the utility company sends signal to the smart meter to keep the overall consumption of the building (TGð Þτ ) under the 3000 W at any time interval. Otherwise, the electricity price will be increased as the penalty for the residents.

The apartment is then equipped with the proposed intelligent plugs to control the electricity consumption during daytime. In order to understand the performance of the intelligent plugs and smart meter, two scenarios are studied and compared, which will be discussed in this Section. It is assumed that electricity price is calculated and sent by the utility company at each time interval. As an example, Table 2 shows the hourly changes of electricity price during 24-h


Table 1. Rated power and priority of electrical appliances.


Table 2. An example of electricity price during 24-h interval [23].

interval. The aim of the HEMS is to keep the overall consumption of the apartment under the predefined level.

Now, in order to understand the performance of the smart plugs, two different scenarios are opted. In the first scenario, residences are using electricity from the grid without any control algorithm and they are prioritizing their comfort at any cost. Therefore, the temperature of the apartment is set at 18C, while the output temperature is varied between 24 and 30C. The power consumption of the appliances without optimization algorithm from 5:00 to 22:00 h is shown in Figure 8, at the time the electricity price is more expensive.

As found in Figure 8A, there are some overconsumption times during 6:00 and 8:00 as well as 12:00 and 14:00 h. The room temperature is fluctuating around 18C. Electricity consumption of the house without any control on the operation of the appliances during 24 h is 21 kWh and the total price is 2:04 USD=day.

success in controlling the temperature of the building as well as shifting the operation of the shiftable appliances during peak hours. As an example, the overconsumptions between 6:00 and 8:00 h as well as 12:00 and 16:00 h are decreased after the deployment of the smart plugs

Figure 8. (A) Total power of electrical appliances without using smart plugs and controller, (B) Room temperature

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Table 3 shows the comparison between two scenarios executed in terms of the total power

As found here, deployment of the proposed smart plugs can reduce the electricity price by approximately 8% as demonstrated in scenario 2 as compared with the home without any

and smart controller.

consumption of the electrical appliances in a day.

fluctuation during the period and (C) Refrigerator temperature.

By contrast, the overall power consumption of electrical appliances with optimization algorithm as scenario 2 is shown in Figure 9 at the time when the electricity price is more expensive.

Results show that the total consumption of the building is 20 kWh by deploying the intelligent plugs during 24 h and the total price during 24 h is 1:85 USD=day. Figure 8A shows the

Transformation of Conventional Houses to Smart Homes by Adopting Demand Response Program in Smart Grid http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74780 75

Figure 8. (A) Total power of electrical appliances without using smart plugs and controller, (B) Room temperature fluctuation during the period and (C) Refrigerator temperature.

interval. The aim of the HEMS is to keep the overall consumption of the apartment under the

Time (h) Electricity price (\$)

00:01–05:00 AM 0.05 05:01–09:00 AM 0.12 09:01 AM to 03:00 PM 0.09 03:01–07:00 PM 0.12 07:01–09:00 PM 0.09 09:01–00:00 PM 0.05

Electrical appliances Rated power (W) Quantity Priority Refrigerator 200 1 7 Air conditioner 1600 1 9 Coffee maker 1200 1 6 Toaster 1000 1 5 Iron 1000 1 8 Television 100 1 8 Fan 70 1 7 Hair dryer 1300 1 6 Lamps 90–110 4 8 Low wattage devices 80–110 2 7

Now, in order to understand the performance of the smart plugs, two different scenarios are opted. In the first scenario, residences are using electricity from the grid without any control algorithm and they are prioritizing their comfort at any cost. Therefore, the temperature of the apartment is set at 18C, while the output temperature is varied between 24 and 30C. The power consumption of the appliances without optimization algorithm from 5:00 to 22:00 h is

As found in Figure 8A, there are some overconsumption times during 6:00 and 8:00 as well as 12:00 and 14:00 h. The room temperature is fluctuating around 18C. Electricity consumption of the house without any control on the operation of the appliances during 24 h is 21 kWh and

By contrast, the overall power consumption of electrical appliances with optimization algorithm as scenario 2 is shown in Figure 9 at the time when the electricity price is more expensive.

Results show that the total consumption of the building is 20 kWh by deploying the intelligent plugs during 24 h and the total price during 24 h is 1:85 USD=day. Figure 8A shows the

shown in Figure 8, at the time the electricity price is more expensive.

predefined level.

74 Smart Microgrids

the total price is 2:04 USD=day.

Table 1. Rated power and priority of electrical appliances.

Table 2. An example of electricity price during 24-h interval [23].

success in controlling the temperature of the building as well as shifting the operation of the shiftable appliances during peak hours. As an example, the overconsumptions between 6:00 and 8:00 h as well as 12:00 and 16:00 h are decreased after the deployment of the smart plugs and smart controller.

Table 3 shows the comparison between two scenarios executed in terms of the total power consumption of the electrical appliances in a day.

As found here, deployment of the proposed smart plugs can reduce the electricity price by approximately 8% as demonstrated in scenario 2 as compared with the home without any

dwellings has a huge impact on the overall power consumption and consequently it cuts off the electricity price. Therefore, it is obvious that smart plugs and smart controller as HEMS

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In this chapter, home energy management system (HEMS) as a part of smart grid is introduced, where smart plugs along with a controller are designed to optimize the overall power consumption of any ordinary house. These plugs can control the overall power consumption of the appliances, aligning with the electricity price in places where electricity price is calculated by utility companies in advance and sent a day ahead or in real time to the smart meter. The smart meter then controls the electrical appliances through smart plugs according to the priority of the appliances, electricity cost, and rated power of appliances to optimize the electricity consumption in case of certain limitations. The results show that the proposed wireless smart plugs together with the controller are able to reduce the electricity cost up to 8% per day by shifting the operation of the electrical appliances to optimized time slots. Hence, the implemented algorithm through smart controller and smart plugs has the potential to minimize the electricity price by simply optimizing the power consumption during peak hours

1 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and

2 Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang,

Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

play an important role in the future of the DRPs.

Figure 10. Comparison of the purchased electricity price between two different scenarios.

on a distribution grid to be recognized as a part of smart grid.

\*Address all correspondence to: nowshad@uniten.edu.my

Mohammad Shakeri<sup>1</sup> and Nowshad Amin1,2\*

5. Conclusion

Author details

Selangor, Malaysia

Figure 9. (A) Total power consumption trend of electrical appliances after deploying smart plugs, (B) room temperature fluctuation, and (C) refrigerator temperature fluctuation during the period.


Table 3. Comparison among the scenarios.

control as shown in Figure 10. This saving comes from deferring the operation of the shiftable appliances as well as from controlling the temperature of the house. Comparing between the usual case and HEMS-adopted scenarios, it is obvious that the utilization of smart plugs in Transformation of Conventional Houses to Smart Homes by Adopting Demand Response Program in Smart Grid http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74780 77

Figure 10. Comparison of the purchased electricity price between two different scenarios.

dwellings has a huge impact on the overall power consumption and consequently it cuts off the electricity price. Therefore, it is obvious that smart plugs and smart controller as HEMS play an important role in the future of the DRPs.

#### 5. Conclusion

In this chapter, home energy management system (HEMS) as a part of smart grid is introduced, where smart plugs along with a controller are designed to optimize the overall power consumption of any ordinary house. These plugs can control the overall power consumption of the appliances, aligning with the electricity price in places where electricity price is calculated by utility companies in advance and sent a day ahead or in real time to the smart meter. The smart meter then controls the electrical appliances through smart plugs according to the priority of the appliances, electricity cost, and rated power of appliances to optimize the electricity consumption in case of certain limitations. The results show that the proposed wireless smart plugs together with the controller are able to reduce the electricity cost up to 8% per day by shifting the operation of the electrical appliances to optimized time slots. Hence, the implemented algorithm through smart controller and smart plugs has the potential to minimize the electricity price by simply optimizing the power consumption during peak hours on a distribution grid to be recognized as a part of smart grid.

#### Author details

control as shown in Figure 10. This saving comes from deferring the operation of the shiftable appliances as well as from controlling the temperature of the house. Comparing between the usual case and HEMS-adopted scenarios, it is obvious that the utilization of smart plugs in

Figure 9. (A) Total power consumption trend of electrical appliances after deploying smart plugs, (B) room temperature

Case studies/scenarios Total consumption (kWh)

Without optimization strategy and smart plugs 21 Utilizing the optimization strategy through smart plugs 20.40

fluctuation, and (C) refrigerator temperature fluctuation during the period.

Table 3. Comparison among the scenarios.

76 Smart Microgrids

Mohammad Shakeri<sup>1</sup> and Nowshad Amin1,2\*

\*Address all correspondence to: nowshad@uniten.edu.my

1 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

2 Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
