Author details

Disease eradication programs consist of intensive surveillance which includes farm visits, systematic testing of individual cattle, and removal of infected animals along with the segregation of animals in contact with the infected one similarly in control of animal movement. The identification of infected animals or infected carcass prevents unsafe meat from entering the food chain and allows veterinary services trace back to the infected herd. Pasteurization of milk and meat inspection system should be strengthened and designed to prevent the consumption of contaminated products by people. Vaccine is used in human medicine, but it is not widely used as a preventive measure in animals because its efficacy is variable and it can interfere with testing to eliminate the disease. Thus, the establishment of new TB drugs which can be effective within a short term and capable of controlling the emergence of MDR-TB and

Animal and human health is intimately interwoven and food animals serve as a reservoir of diseases of public health significance [74]. Animals with a contagious disease remain in the population and serve as a reservoir of infection for other animals and human beings. Therefore, the development of vaccines for animals against bovine tuberculosis is highly effective for TB control or development of recombinant BCG with expressing luciferase activity can be used as the most effective tool to advance drug development. The screening of TB in human or animal population is a very time-consuming process as Mycobacterium grows very slowly; conventional drug screening takes more than 3 weeks and the biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) facility is the basic requirement. Therefore, it is the need of an hour to develop rapid diagnostic procedures which can detect the organism within a short period of time. Some successful efforts are being made for the development of a new screening method to identify TB drug candidates by utilizing luciferase-expressing recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus

The risk due to zoonotic TB is significantly less in developed countries than developing countries, which is due to the milk pasteurization and effective bovine tuberculosis control programs. Therefore, food safety of animal-origin food is worth considering. Efforts to improve food safety include scaling up the heat treatment of milk and ante-mortem and postmortem inspection of all animals entering the food chain which will not only reduce the risk of transmission but also bring substantial benefits for the control of other foodborne diseases. A healthier animal population leads to healthier food supply along with economic benefits and improvements in animal welfare. The epidemiology of bovine TB is well understood and effective control and elimination strategies have been known for a long time but the disease is still widely distributed and often neglected in most developing countries. The increase of this disease in such areas calls for stronger intersectoral collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions to assess and evaluate the scale of the problem, mostly when zoonotic TB could represent a significant risk. Developed countries which follow test-and-slaughter policies still are not able to completely eliminate infection in cattle because of wild animal reservoirs; therefore, they are now focusing on the wild animal vaccination. Therefore, the vaccine research and

XDR-TB is critically urgent.

32 Basic Biology and Applications of Actinobacteria

Calmette-Guéren (rBCG) [75].

8. Conclusions

Ravi N. Teppawar, Sandeep P. Chaudhari\*, Shilpa L. Moon, Shilpshri V. Shinde, Wiqar A. Khan and Archana R. Patil

\*Address all correspondence to: vphsandeep@gmail.com

Centre for Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

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**Chapter 3**

**Provisional chapter**

**Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: Negligent**

**Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: Negligent** 

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms other than *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (*M. tuberculosis*) complex and *Mycobacterium leprae.* NTM infections have increased globally and are now considered an emerging infection as they are often encountered in developed countries. NTMs require extended treatment adding considerably to the economic burden. The increasing number of patients with immunocompromised disorders, increasing usage of immunosuppressive agents, general awareness of the NTM diseases due to the advancement in molecular diagnostic techniques and aging of the population increase the prevalence rate of NTM infections. However, several barriers such as the requirement of better diagnostic techniques, settled treatment guidelines, clinician awareness and knowledge of pathogenesis are limiting and NTM infections are often not treated promptly. Etiology and epidemiology of NTM infections [*Mmycobacterium avium* complex (slowly growing mycobacteria, SGM) and rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM)] are discussed in this chapter. Clinical features, diagnosis and currently available treatment guidelines for these infections in skin, eye and lung are summarized. Suggestions for future research directions are suggested particularly for the

better understanding of host-pathogen crosstalk and new therapeutic strategies. **Keywords:** nontuberculous mycobacteria, rapidly growing mycobacteria, slowly

The NTM group of mycobacteria is nonmotile aerobic bacilli, acid-fast (AF) staining organisms [1]. The lipid-enriched hydrophobic cell well is usually thicker than other bacteria

growing mycobacteria, biofilms, eye, lung, skin

**1.1. Etiology, epidemiology and possible sources of NTM infections**

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80444

**and Emerging Pathogens**

**and Emerging Pathogens**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80444

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Thet Tun Aung and Roger W. Beuerman

Thet Tun Aung and Roger W. Beuerman

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter


#### **Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: Negligent and Emerging Pathogens Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: Negligent and Emerging Pathogens**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80444

Thet Tun Aung and Roger W. Beuerman Thet Tun Aung and Roger W. Beuerman

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80444

#### **Abstract**

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[72] Nishi JS, Shury T, Elkin BT. Wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in Canada: Strategies for management and research. Veterinary Microbiology.

[73] Siembieda J, Kock R, McCracken T, Newman S. The role of wildlife in transboundary

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animal diseases. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2011;12:95-111

neonatal calves in Ethiopia. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 2010;17:1533-1538

Clinical Microbiology Reports. 2015;2:44-53

Control. 2014;3:31

38 Basic Biology and Applications of Actinobacteria

2006;112:325-338

Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2015;15:461

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms other than *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (*M. tuberculosis*) complex and *Mycobacterium leprae.* NTM infections have increased globally and are now considered an emerging infection as they are often encountered in developed countries. NTMs require extended treatment adding considerably to the economic burden. The increasing number of patients with immunocompromised disorders, increasing usage of immunosuppressive agents, general awareness of the NTM diseases due to the advancement in molecular diagnostic techniques and aging of the population increase the prevalence rate of NTM infections. However, several barriers such as the requirement of better diagnostic techniques, settled treatment guidelines, clinician awareness and knowledge of pathogenesis are limiting and NTM infections are often not treated promptly. Etiology and epidemiology of NTM infections [*Mmycobacterium avium* complex (slowly growing mycobacteria, SGM) and rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM)] are discussed in this chapter. Clinical features, diagnosis and currently available treatment guidelines for these infections in skin, eye and lung are summarized. Suggestions for future research directions are suggested particularly for the better understanding of host-pathogen crosstalk and new therapeutic strategies.

**Keywords:** nontuberculous mycobacteria, rapidly growing mycobacteria, slowly growing mycobacteria, biofilms, eye, lung, skin
