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## Meet the editors

Prof. Natasha Potgieter is the Dean of the School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences at the University of Venda, South Africa. She obtained her PhD in Medical Virology from the University of Pretoria and has more than 25 years of teaching and training experience in the Higher Education section. For the past 6 years she has been a visiting professor at the Water and Health Research Unit, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

She is actively engaged in research on water, sanitation, hygiene, and health-related microbiology. She has led several research projects nationally and internationally and has produced several Master's and PhD graduates.

Afsatou Ndama Traore Hoffman is an associate professor in microbiology/immunology at the University of Venda. She holds a PhD in Biochemistry from the University of Johannesburg and has been actively involved in teaching and conducting medical research in South Africa. She has acquired relevant experience in auditing, proposal writing, project management, proposal/ project evaluation, supervision and mentoring of postgraduate

students, and writing for scientific publications. She has extensive experience in the management of both human and financial resources at senior levels. Her research interests include water and sanitation, immunology, and natural products.

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Hygiene Problems Impacting Health in Developing Communities **7**

**Chapter 2 9**

**Chapter 3 27**

**Chapter 4 39**

Water Handling Challenges Affecting Hygiene and Health **53**

**Chapter 5 55**

**Chapter 6 79**

Introductory Chapter: Perspectives on Hygiene

*by Natasha Potgieter and Afsatou Ndama Traore Hoffman*

Challenges to Hygiene Improvement in Developing Countries

Developing Nation's City: The Example of Ile-Ife, Nigeria

*by Faniran Gbemiga and Ojo Deborah*

Inequalities in Households' Environmental Sanitation Practices in a

Understanding the Hygiene Needs of People Living with HIV and AIDs

in Southern African Developing Community (SADC) Countries

Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries

Household Water Handling Practices in the Arid and Semi-Arid

*by Edith J. Kurui, George M. Ogendi, Wilkister N. Moturi* 

**Section 1**

Contents

**Section 2**

*by Save Kumwenda*

*by Ephias M. Makaudze*

*by Josephine Treacy*

Lands in Kenya

*and Dishon O. Nyawanga*

**Section 3**

## Contents


#### **Chapter 7 93**

Water Quality Monitoring Infrastructure for Tackling Water-Borne Diseases in the State of Madhya Pradesh, India, and Its Implication on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) *by Abhishek Parsai and Varsha Rokade*

Preface

It is well known that millions are affected daily by hygiene-related infections and life-threatening diseases. The main consequence of lack of hygiene is the increase in child mortality and is a result of poor service delivery and lack of intervention

The term "Hygiene" is a concept commonly associated with cleanliness. It is related to personal and professional care practices. The World Health Organization defines hygiene as conditions and practices that support health and thwart the spread of diseases. In developing countries, there are several challenges faced by communities to achieve good hygiene. These challenges include aspects such as lack of clean water, no access to soap, and poor/inadequate or non-existent sanitation facilities

This book highlights some aspects of hygiene conditions in developing countries around the world. The chapters have been organized into two sections. Section 1 deals with hygiene problems impacting health in developing communities. Section 2 deals with water-handling aspects and their impact on health issues in the developing world. It is a combination of several reports compiled at this specific period of time and how hygiene affects the quality of life for the reported communities and

> **Natasha Potgieter** Professor/Dean,

University of Venda,

Associate Professor,

University of Venda,

School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences,

Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa

**Afsatou Ndama Traore Hoffman**

Department of Microbiology,

strategies.

among others.

their health.
