**8. microRNA**

**3. Axonal degeneration**

2 Recent Advances in Neurodegeneration

**4. Mitochondria dysfunction**

**5. Apoptosis alteration**

to neurodegeneration.

**6. Protein synthesis**

tal disorders Wong yl et al., 2019.

**7. Alteration of receptor functionality**

et al, 2011.

al., 2019.

Communication from cell bodies to the peripheral spines happens due to the neuronal axon. Various insults may compromise this communication and deteriorate the neuronal axons: trauma, blockade of neuronal transport, or chemical toxicity. The normal trauma associated to axonal degeneration is nerve injury or some stroke. Protein involved in axonal transport deficit or accumulation of protein may also contribute to the axonal degeneration Correale et

Mitochondria are important organelles for cells, regulating the cell homeostasis. These organelles contribute to the cell energy, and alteration of one of their function may affect cell life.

Normally, brain senescence and neurodegeneration occur with mitochondrial dysfunction by

Apoptotic cell pathway is a defense mechanism for neurons. Alteration of this systeminduced neuronal loss in developing brain affects normal function of neuronal cells, leading

DNA damage is also a common feature of apoptotic pathway, but when this pathway is altered, neuronal defect occurs and, as a consequence, neurodegenerative cell profile D'amelio

Some mRNA are transferred locally at synapses and translated upon stimuli, when the protein is necessary. The alteration of global protein synthesis machinery locally at synapses is an important scenario of neurodegeneration and the main cause of different neurodevelopmen-

The neurons communicate with other neuronal cells through neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic boutons to the postsynaptic compartments which are recognized by receptor. The neuronal receptors are classified as inhibitory and

impaired electron transfer and oxidative damage Cowan K et al., 2019.

Epigenetic mechanism affects cell activity and functionality. Recently, some papers demonstrate a functional role of microRNA in regulation of gene expression. The alteration of microRNA machinery alters gene expression and affects neuronal function Dardiotis E et al., 2018; wang xh et al., 2018.
