**8. Paraoxonase**

#### **8.1. Paraoxonase-1**

PON-1 is an enzyme produced mostly by the liver that protects against lipid oxidation and exogenous toxics. PON-1 extends the lag phase of the oxidation process and reduces the aldehyde concentration, resulting in protective effects on LDL and HDL molecules [74]. Aharoni et al. in a murinic study demonstrated that PON-1 interacts with macrophages scavenger receptor class B type I, thus inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α production and promoting PON-1 anti-inflammatory effects [75].

**9.2. Interleukin-10 and adiponectin**

**10. Conclusions**

**Author details**

Alexandru Zlibut<sup>1</sup>

Cluj-Napoca, Romania

**References**

Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

2006;**23**:469-480

Lucian Mocan4

MetS is characterized by low levels of both adiponectin and IL-10, and recent studies have been evaluating if there is any link between the two molecules. In a study conducted on 117 men, it has been found that IL-10 levels significantly correlated with adiponectin levels especially in patients with MetS, but the correlation was stronger in MetS patients who presented abdominal obesity [77]. Also, Wolf et al. demonstrated that adiponectin modulates human monocytes and macrophages in producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-1RA [78].

The combined use of biomarkers of MetS could increase the rate of an early diagnosis and could prevent the complications of this disease. Associated usage of these biomarkers would increase their predictive value. However, to be able to create a diagnosis algorithm, their cutoff value for the presence of MetS and the causes that would yield false results should be determined. Last but not least, the usefulness of these biomarkers could be extended into guiding pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions. Also, treat-

\*, Teodora Mocan<sup>2</sup>

, Ioana Corina Bocsan3

and

Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome

99

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79427

ment efficiency could be monitored by determining these biomarkers dynamically.

1 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and

2 Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy,

4 3rd Department of General Surgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and

3 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu

[1] Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome—A new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation. Diabetic Medicine.

, Lucia Agoston-Coldea<sup>1</sup>

University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

\*Address all correspondence to: luciacoldea@yahoo.com

The anti-inflammatory role of PON-1 is mainly validated by its anti-atherogenic effect [32]. Likewise, in the study of Ikhlef et al., it has been found that PON-1 could regulate cholesterol homeostasis by stimulating cholesterol efflux via HDL and by potentiating inverse cholesterol transport [33]. On the contrary, in subjects with diabetes, it is assumed that PON-1 becomes malfunctional by excessive glycation, thus it lowers its protective effects and potentiates the atherosclerotic lesion [34].

#### **8.2. Paraoxonase 1 and metabolic syndrome**

PON-1 has scientifically confirmed to be connected with MetS. A cross-sectional study conducted on 354 Caucasian subjects with MetS has shown that PON-1 activity was significantly lower among patients who met all five MetS criteria (p < 0.05). The same study revealed that lower levels of HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 decrease the PON-1 activity [35]. A like, in a study conducted on 2404 subjects with MetS criteria, it has been demonstrated that PON-1 activity followed a downward trend with increasing MetS components and increasing lipid peroxides [76]. In conclusion, it is assumed that PON-1 through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects could have important roles in lowering of the progression of MetS.
