**Authorship**

• Safety-engineered devices play a critical role in protecting injectors, pump users, and

• Sharp containers must be easily accessible at the point of care beside the patient, prior to

• Safe disposal should be taught to patients, caregivers, and all others who may come in contact with the sharp device from the beginning of injection or infusion therapy and rein-

• Under no circumstance should sharps material be disposed of into the public trash or rub-

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has been used for 40 years [93, 94]. Insulin infusion sets (IISs) deliver insulin into the SC, and they have been associated with numerous adverse side effects [95]. It is generally agreed that if a patient has otherwise unexplained hyperglycemia, they should administer a correction bolus via their pump. If the blood glucose does not decline at least 50 mg/dL by 90 min, they should (1) remove the set, (2) give a correction with a pen or a syringe, and (3) insert a new set. FITTER recommended the following

• CSII cannula should be changed every 48–72 h in order to minimize infusion site adverse events and potential metabolic deterioration. However, these times are very patient-depen-

• All CSII patients should be taught to rotate infusion sites along the same principles that

• Any CSII patients with unexplained glucose variability including frequent hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia should have infusion sites checked for lipohypertrophy, nodules, scarring, inflammation, or other skin and SC conditions that could affect insulin flow or

Insulin has a very low therapeutic index. The margin between its greatest therapeutic benefit and its unacceptable side effects is low. Without careful attention to optimal insulin delivery, patients can find themselves on either side of a slippery slope: either suboptimal therapeutic benefit or high toxicity. Optimal insulin delivery is complex and involves choices that

downstream workers [91]. **A1**

the injection or infusion. **A2**

forced throughout [92] **A2**

bish system. **A3**

66 Ultimate Guide to Insulin

absorption. **A1**

**15. Conclusion**

**14. Insulin infusion**

• Needle recapping should not be done. **A2**

additional recommendations for CSII and IIS users:

dent and should be adjusted accordingly. **A1**

injecting patients are taught to rotate injection sites. **A1**

All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given final approval to the version to be published.
