**6. Conclusions**

The picture we have attempted to draw in the present review moves from the important role specific mitochondrial dehydrogenases play in cell metabolism. Under conditions in which metabolic reprogramming occurs (i.e. cancer, diabetes, obesity), cells move away from efficient mitochondrial bioenergetics and come to rely on glycolysis for ATP generation purposes. This metabolic shift has the unintended consequence of increasing reactive oxygen species production, which further disrupt cell metabolism and activate genes and oncogenes through specific signaling pathways and nuclear transcription factors (HIF-1α, MAPKs, PI3K). Current and future lines of research aim at better understanding the signaling and metabolic routes connecting mitochondria to cell functions in the attempt to possibly recondition metabolism and energy production of target cell and mitochondria.

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