**Author details**

Protective immunity induced by SF-10 (synthetic human pulmonary surfactant with a carboxy vinyl polymer as a viscosity improver) against lethal influenza virus infection was partially and predominantly suppressed after depletion of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells (induced by intraperitoneal injection of the corresponding antibodies), respectively, suggesting that CD4+ T cells predominantly and CD8+ T cells partially contribute to the protective immunity in the advanced stage of influenza virus infection [71]. These results suggest that adjuvants can promote effective antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells, activates CD8+ T cells via

Influenza infection elicits high-affinity IgA in the respiratory tract and virus-specific IgG, which correlates with protection. Long-lived influenza-specific T cells have also been shown to ameliorate disease [72]. Activation of the parameters of innate immunity is critical for the recognition of infection, as well as for the effectiveness of vaccination, which allows not only eliminating pathogens and cells with altered antigenic properties, but also having a signifi-

Development of a universal influenza vaccine currently seems to be quite workable and promising task. Such universal vaccines are expected to contain both antibody production stimulants and inductors of cellular immune response with effectors of innate and adaptive immunity being involved. Adjuvants may play an important part, their functions being aimed both at enhancing immune response to an antigen and at regulating that response [74]. Thus, due to the emergence of a new type of vaccine (adjuvant), in assessing the immunological

efficacy is important not only humoral but also cellular immune response.

cross-presentation, and induces cell-mediated immune responses against antigen.

cant effect on the formation of adaptive immunity [73].

**Conflict of interest**

102 Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges

**Abbreviations**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

CD cluster of differentiation

WBCs leukocytes (white blood cells)

HAI hemagglutination inhibition

HAU hemagglutination unit

PO polyoxidonium TLR's toll-like receptors

FBS fetal bovine serum

RBCs red blood cells

Mikhail Petrovich Kostinov1,2\*, Nelli Kimovna Akhmatova1 , Ekaterina Alexandrovna Khromova<sup>1</sup> , Svetlana Anatolyevna Skhodova1 , Vera Nikolaevna Stolpnikova1 , Alexander Petrovich Cherdantsev3 and Anna Egorovna Vlasenko4

\*Address all correspondence to: vaccinums@gmail.com

1 I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia

2 Federal State-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education "First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov" of Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, Moscow, Russia

3 Federal State-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State University", Ulyanovsk, Russia

4 Novokuznetsk State Institute of Advanced Medical Education, the Branch of Federal State-Funded Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, Novokuznetsk, Russia
