**Author details**

Prevention (CDCs), the United States, available vaccines are of two types—trivalent and quadrivalent flu vaccines. Trivalent influenza vaccine protects against influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) as well as influenza B virus. The standard-dose trivalent flu shots are IIV 3, given to individuals between 18 and 64 years. The CDC has not recommended using LAIV as the vaccines for the year 2017–2018 due to its low effectiveness found during 2013–2017. There are some limitations associated with influenza virus vaccines suggesting that the circulating virus and the vaccine virus should be of same strains to give a high efficacy or else the vaccine might provide a false sense of security. The early influenza vaccination of individuals at a high risk might prevent influenza from becoming a pandemic. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended to primarily providing vaccination to children, pregnant women, individuals of age more than 65 years, and to people suffering from chronic ailments [38]. The other effective methods to control influenza are properly washing hands, use of masks, and covering mouth during coughing and sneezing, avoiding physical contacts with influenza-infected individuals, wearing gloves while working with infected poultry or swine, and the intake of effective antiviral

Several factors play a pivotal role in preventing influenza virus infection such as increasing antigenic and genetic variants of influenza virus subtypes, the ability to cross the species barrier, antiviral drug resistance, incapability in predicting the upcoming pandemic virus, the low probability of correctly matching the circulating and vaccine viruses, and the high cost of vaccination. Thus, a robust surveillance system that monitors the human influenza viruses will provide the candidate virus vaccine (CVV) as an adequate strategy required for preparing the pandemics. Apart from this, a comprehensive understanding at the molecular and genetic level of the avian and swine influenza virus will strengthen us in understanding their mechanism of re-assortment and transmission in humans. The veterinary vaccines designed for avian and swine population should be examined to evaluate their efficacy on the avian and swine influenza viruses. Furthermore, there is a crucial requirement of the universal vaccine that can target both seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. Awareness regarding the

The authors are grateful to the Vice Chancellor, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, and Director, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-CCMB), India, for the encouragement and support for this work. SK Saxena is also supported by CCRH, the Government of India, and US NIH grants: R37DA025576 and R01MH085259. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

prevention and control methods of influenza should be widely spread.

medications.

10 Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges

**Acknowledgements**

**9. Conclusions and future perspectives**

Shailendra K. Saxena1,2\*, Amrita Haikerwal<sup>1</sup> , Swatantra Kumar<sup>1</sup> and Madan L.B. Bhatt<sup>1</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: myedrsaxena@gmail.com


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**Section 2**

**Pathogenesis of Influenza**

