**2.2. Age-related alterations and clinical consequences**

**Airway**: The anatomy and physiology of the airway are affected with the aging process. Tooth decay which is common in elderly may cause loose, dislodged and subsequently aspiration of the teeth during emergency procedures such as endotracheal intubation (ET). Esthetic operations and loss of teeth interfere with achieving a good face-mask seal. Pharynx becomes more dry and fragile and care must be taken to prevent profuse bleeding while using laryngoscope. Oral cavity tumors and macroglossia may limit visualization of the vocal cords. Usage of Miller blade can be considered [4]. Also, cervical osteoarthritis increases the risk for spinal cord injury. Excessive movement of the neck should be avoided.
