**1. Introduction**

In many assembling processes and for mechanical reason, the investigation of heat exchange and boundary layer flow over linearly and nonlinearly extending surface are much imperative. These procedures and applications incorporate streamlined feature forming, wire drawing, and paper generation where a specific temperature will be required for cooling the particles in the liquid. At first, the stream qualities have been analyzed by [1] overextending surfaces. The perfection of finishing up item relies upon the rate of warmth exchange at the surface of extending material. Many creators expanded crafted by [1] managed heat exchange qualities alongside the flow conduct in different physical circumstances in [2–8].

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Non-Newtonian fluids can't be portrayed because of nonexistence of single constitutive connection among stress and rate of strain. In the current year, non-Newtonian fluids have turned out to be increasingly essential because of its mechanical applications. Truth be told, the enthusiasm for boundary layer flows of non-Newtonian fluid is expanding significantly because of its extensive number of functional applications in industry producing preparing and natural fluids. Maybe, a couple of principle illustrations identified with applications are plastic polymer, boring mud, optical fibers, paper generation, hot moving, metal turning, and cooling of metallic plates in a cooling shower and numerous others. Since no single non-Newtonian model predicts every one of the properties of non-Newtonian fluid along these lines examinations proposed different non-Newtonian fluid models. These models are essentially classified into three classifications specifically differential-, rate-, and fundamental-type fluids. In non-Newtonian fluid, shear stresses and rates of strain/disfigurement are not directly related. Such fluid underthought which does not comply with Newton's law is a straightforward non-Newtonian fluid model of respectful sort. In 1959, Casson displayed this model for the flow of viscoelastic fluids. This model has a more slow progress from Newtonian to the yield locale. This model is utilized by oil builds in the portrayal of bond slurry and is better to predict high shear-rate viscosities when just low and middle road shear-rate information are accessible. The Casson show is more exact at both high and low shear rates. Casson liquid has one of the kind attributes, which have wide application in sustenance handling, in metallurgy, in penetrating operation and bio-designing operations, and so on. The Casson show has been utilized as a part of different businesses to give more exact portrayal of high shearrate viscosities when just low and moderate shear-rate information are accessible [9]. Toward the starting Nadeem et al. [10] introduce the idea of Casson fluid and demonstrate over an exponentially extending sheet. Numerous examinations identified with viscoelastic properties of liquid are underthought [11–17].

perceived that Darcy's model may over anticipate the convective streams when the inertial drag and vorticity dissemination coproductive are considered. The expansion of established Darcy demonstrates incorporates inertial drag and vorticity dispersion. To think about the inertial drag and vorticity dispersion, Forchheimer [28] joined the root mean square. Forchheimer's term was named by Muskat [29] and inferred that the consideration of Forchheimer's term is substantial for high Reynolds number. Pal and Mondal [30] examined the hydromagnetic Darcy-Forchheimer flow for variable liquid property. Utilizing HAM strategy, Hayat et al. [31] got the systematic answer for Darcy-Forchheimer stream of Maxwell liquid by considering the Cattaneo-Christov hypothesis. Vishnu Ganesh et al. [32] analyzed the thick and Ohmic dispersals, and the second-order slip consequences for Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanoliquid past an extending/contracting surface. Scientific model for Darcy-Forchheimer stream of Maxwell fluid with attractive field and convective boundary condition is given by Sadiq and Hayat [33]. Utilizing Keller's box strategy, Ishak et al. [34] numerically examined the magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat exchange exhibitions over an extending cylinder. Mixed convective flow and the related warmth and mass exchange qualities over a vertical sheet immersed in a permeable medium have been explored by Pal and Mondal [35] by considering different impacts, for example, Soret,

Darcy-Forchheimer Flow of Casson Nanofluid with Heat Source/Sink: A Three-Dimensional Study

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74170

45

The principle objective here is to uncover the Darcy-Forchheimer connection on a threedimensional Casson nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet. Heat transfer is handled with

Three-dimensional flow of Casson nanofluid filling permeable space by Darcy-Forchheimer connection is considered. Flow is bidirectional extending surface. Nanofluid model depicts the properties of Brownian dispersion and thermophoresis. Concurrent states of heat convective and heat source/sink are executed. We receive the Cartesian coordinate in such a way to the point that and pivot are picked along *x* and *y* ordinary to the stretchable surface. Let *Uw*(*x*) = *ax* and *Vw*(*y*) = *by* be the extending velocity along *x* and *y* directions separately. The surface temperature is directed by a convective heating procedure which is depicted by heat

under the surface (see **Figure 1**). The

, (2)

, (3)

<sup>∂</sup>*<sup>z</sup>* <sup>=</sup> 0, (1)

*<sup>K</sup> u* − *Fu*<sup>2</sup>

*<sup>K</sup> v* − *Fv*<sup>2</sup>

regular heat generation/absorption and convective-type boundary condition.

and temperature of hot liquid *Tf*

+ *w* \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>u</sup>*

+ *w* \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>v</sup>*

<sup>∂</sup>*<sup>x</sup>* <sup>+</sup> \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>v</sup>* ∂*y* + \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>w</sup>*

<sup>∂</sup>*<sup>z</sup>* <sup>=</sup> *<sup>ν</sup>*(<sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup> \_\_1

<sup>∂</sup>*<sup>z</sup>* <sup>=</sup> *<sup>ν</sup>*(<sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup> \_\_1

*β*) ∂<sup>2</sup> \_\_\_*u* <sup>∂</sup> *<sup>z</sup>* <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> \_\_*<sup>ν</sup>*

*β*) ∂<sup>2</sup> \_\_\_*v* <sup>∂</sup> *<sup>z</sup>* <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> \_\_*<sup>ν</sup>*

boundary layer equations for flow underthought are

<sup>∂</sup>*<sup>x</sup>* <sup>+</sup> *<sup>v</sup>* \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>u</sup>* ∂*y*

<sup>∂</sup>*<sup>x</sup>* <sup>+</sup> *<sup>v</sup>* \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>v</sup>* ∂*y*

\_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>u</sup>*

Dufour, and thermal radiation.

**2. Mathematical formulation**

exchange coefficient *hf*

*u* \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>u</sup>*

*u* \_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*<sup>v</sup>*

The nanoparticles in by and large are made of metal oxides, metallic, carbon, or some other materials [18]. Standard fluid has weaker conductivity. This weaker conductivity can be enhanced incredibly with the utilization of nanoparticles. Truly, the Brownian movement factor of nanoparticles is base fluid and is essential toward this path. An extraordinary measure of warmth is delivered in warm exchangers and microelectromechanical procedures to lessen the framework execution. Fluid thermal conductivity is enhanced by nanoparticle expansion just to cool such modern procedures. The nanoparticles have shallow significance in natural and building applications like prescription, turbine sharp-edge cooling, plasma- and laser-cutting procedure, and so on. Sizeable examinations on nanofluids have been tended to in the writing. Buongiorno [19] has investigated the mechanisms of nanofluid by means of snapshot of nanoparticles in customary base fluid. Such instruments incorporate nanoparticle measure, Magnus effect, dormancy, molecule agglomeration, Brownian movement, thermophoresis, and volume portion. Here, we introduce some imperative scientists who have been accounted for by considering the highlights of thermophoretic and Brownian movement [20–27].

In displaying the flow in permeable media, Darcy's law is a standout among the most prominent models. Particularly, flow in permeable media is exceptionally valuable in grain stockpiling, development of water in repositories, frameworks of groundwater, fermentation process, raw petroleum generation, and oil assets. In any case, it is by and large perceived that Darcy's model may over anticipate the convective streams when the inertial drag and vorticity dissemination coproductive are considered. The expansion of established Darcy demonstrates incorporates inertial drag and vorticity dispersion. To think about the inertial drag and vorticity dispersion, Forchheimer [28] joined the root mean square. Forchheimer's term was named by Muskat [29] and inferred that the consideration of Forchheimer's term is substantial for high Reynolds number. Pal and Mondal [30] examined the hydromagnetic Darcy-Forchheimer flow for variable liquid property. Utilizing HAM strategy, Hayat et al. [31] got the systematic answer for Darcy-Forchheimer stream of Maxwell liquid by considering the Cattaneo-Christov hypothesis. Vishnu Ganesh et al. [32] analyzed the thick and Ohmic dispersals, and the second-order slip consequences for Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanoliquid past an extending/contracting surface. Scientific model for Darcy-Forchheimer stream of Maxwell fluid with attractive field and convective boundary condition is given by Sadiq and Hayat [33]. Utilizing Keller's box strategy, Ishak et al. [34] numerically examined the magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat exchange exhibitions over an extending cylinder. Mixed convective flow and the related warmth and mass exchange qualities over a vertical sheet immersed in a permeable medium have been explored by Pal and Mondal [35] by considering different impacts, for example, Soret, Dufour, and thermal radiation.

The principle objective here is to uncover the Darcy-Forchheimer connection on a threedimensional Casson nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet. Heat transfer is handled with regular heat generation/absorption and convective-type boundary condition.
