2. Dissociation modeling at the surface

In this study, the dissociation flux (F1) is assumed to be proportional to the driving force, the free energy difference (Δμ) introduced by [6], presented as

$$F\_1 = k\_{\rm bl} \text{RTln}\left(\frac{\mathbf{C}\_{\rm Hsol}}{\mathbf{C}\_I}\right) \tag{1}$$

where kbl is the rate constant mol2 J �<sup>1</sup> s�1m�<sup>2</sup> � � of dissociation. According to [21], kbl is listed as below:

$$k\_{bl} = \exp\left(-\frac{11,729}{T} + 26.398\right) \tag{2}$$

where CHsol is the mole fraction of CO2 in the aqueous solution at equilibrium state with hydrate, and CI means surface concentration in the ambient aqueous solution at the surface of the hydrate CI.
