3.2.6. MNPs for removal of pathogens

3.2.4. MNPs for the removal of cationic dyes

68 Emerging Pollutants - Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment

capacity of 231.5 mg/g.

3.2.5. MNPs for the removal of pharmaceutical products

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Cationic dyes are most toxic because they can easily interact with negatively charged cell membrane surfaces, and also they can enter in to the cells and can concentrate in cytoplasm (Bayramoglu et al.) [58]. Ge et al. [59] have studied the adsorption of cationic dyes such as crystal violet, methylene blue and alkali blue 6B from aqueous solutions by use of polymermodified magnetic nanoparticles. The cationic dyes could be quickly removed from water solution with high efficiency at pH 5–12. More significantly, the MNP showed high efficiency as a reusable adsorbent for fast and convenient removal of cationic dyes from water solution. Yan et al. [60] have synthesized full biodegradable magnetic adsorbent based on glutamic acid modified chitosan and silica coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for removal of three different kinds of cationic dyes, methylene blue, crystal violet and cationic light yellow 7GL, from aqueous solutions. Chen et al. [61] have prepared magnetic adsorbent by fabrication of chitosan/ polyacrylic acid multilayer onto magnetic Fe3O4 microspheres for removal of adsorption of two cationic dyes, methylene blue and crystal violet from aqueous solution. Amiri et al. [62] synthesized cobalt ferrite silica magnetic nanocomposite for the adsorption of Malachite green dye and found the adsorption capacity of 75.5 mg/g for that dye. Li et al. [63] synthesized wettable magnetic hypercrosslinked microporous nanoparticle for the water treatment. The synthesized nanoparticle consists of microporous organic polymer which combine sodium acrylate functionalized hypercrosslinked polymer with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle to form a hybrid. They tested the synthesized hybrid for the adsorption of Rhodamine B dye and found the maximum adsorption capacity of 216 mg/g. Singh et al. [64] had synthesized the superparamagnetic nanoparticles coated with green tea polyphenol by wet chemical method. They found that the particles have a very high adsorption capacity of (7.25 mg/g) for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye in wastewater treatment. Li et al. [65] synthesized magnetic peach gum bead bio-sorbent for the adsorption of MB dye and found the maximum adsorption

The presence of pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antipyretics drugs, hormones in surface and ground water possesses a major environmental challenge. Their contam-

Attia et al. [66] synthesized magnetic nanoparticles coated zeolite for the adsorption of pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous solution. They found that the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles can remove more that 95% of PPCPs in 10 min. Reddy et al. [67] reviewed spinal ferrite nanoparticles and found that SF and its derivatives can be used for remediation of various pollutants. Nadim et al. [68] Synthesized gallic acid coated magnetic nanoparticles (GA-MNP) and used as a photocatalyst for degradation of meloxicam; a commonly prescribed

Recently, M. Hayasi and his coworker described the use of magnetic poly (styrene-2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid) (St-AMPS) as adsorbent for removal of the pharmaceuticals viz.

ination even at trace amount is a serious concern to the aquatic organisms as well.

ceftriaxone sodium, diclofenac sodium, and atenolol from water [69].

Xu et al. [82] demonstrated that poly-allylamine-hydrochloride (PAAH) stabilized magnetic nanoparticles are powerful tools to remove pathogenic bacteria from drinking water with high efficiency and no significant toxicity was observed in the MNPs treated water. Over 99.5% of the pathogens (four main pathogens viz. Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus) can be removed when the bacterial count was less than 105 CFU/mL.

Zhang et al. [83] synthesized magnetic nanoparticle coated with Cu doped MgO through a hydrophilic carbon layer (Fe3O4@C@MgO-Cu). They found its potential application as disinfectant in water purification by examining the antibacterial activity of the Fe3O4@C@MgO-Cu composite toward Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus.

Zhang et al. [84] synthesized magnetic poly-N,N<sup>0</sup> -[(4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-phenylene)bis(methylene)]bisacrylamide) (POHABA)-based core-shell nanostructure on the Fe3O4 core surface (Fe3O4@POHABA). The magnetic nanocomposite, Fe3O4@POHABA can be used in domestic water treatment against bacterial pathogens.


Rana et al. [85] synthesized ferromagnetic Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles and applied as an antibacterial agent to control the growth of bacterial pathogens. They found the as synthesized material to be very effective against water related bacteria such as E. coli and V. cholera.

Table 2. Magnetic nanomaterials used for removal of pharmaceuticals.

Shukla et al. [86] synthesized the iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan oligosaccharide and used for the removal of pathogenic protozoan cysts, entamoeba cyst (which causes amebiasis) from water. They found that E. histolytica can be efficiently captured using the magnetic nanoparticles from contaminated water.

6. Conclusions

Author details

Manoj Sharma1

India

India

References

, Pankaj Kalita<sup>2</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: kulasenapati@gmail.com

In this chapter the removal of water pollutants by using magnetic materials of zero valent iron, magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) as adsorbent, photocatalyst and coagulants have been described. The MNPs have been used in removal of water pollutants through their various surface functionalities (e.g., coating with polyphenols, amino acids, sugars, alkaloids, terpenoids, proteins, carbonyl, carboxyl, carbon, polysaccharides, and semiconductors) with desired size and shapes, and magnetic behavior. Looking in to the fast development of magnetic materials in different technological and scientific fields, magnetic nanomaterials appear to be extremely promising for water and wastewater treatment. The waste water treatment methods using these materials are fast, non-toxic, and eco-friendly as compared to the available physic-chemical treatments which make it attractive for materializing commercially. Their magnetic nature makes them attractive for waste water treatment because of their easy separation from aqueous medium after purification and can be reused in repeated treatment cycles. However, research for bulk production, controlling morphology, optimizing surface functionality and their stability, and biocompatibility should be essentially considered prior to commercial application from laboratory scale. Moreover, further studies needs to be addressed to detail mechanism of magnetic nanomaterials in water treatment. The magnetic nanoparticles and their composites with their high surface to volume ratio offer more surfaces for chemical as well as physical adsorption and thus show high reactivity which gives the prospects of

using these materials in large scale removal of emerging water pollutants.

, Kula Kamal Senapati3

1 Centre for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam,

3 Central Instruments Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam,

[1] Okun DA, Wang LK, Shammas NK. Water supply and distribution and wastewater

2 Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, China

collection. United States of America: John Wiley and Sons; 2010

\* and Ankit Garg4

Study on Magnetic Materials for Removal of Water Pollutants

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75700

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Zhang et al. [87] synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles surrounded with polyethylenimine-derived corona and found to be efficient in capturing the pathogens and heavy metals.

Zhan et al. [88] synthesized the amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4-SiO2-NH2) and used for rapid removal of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The magnetic materials can be effectively used to capture a wide range of pathogens including various bacteria such as S. aureus, E. coli O157:H7, P. aeuginosa, Salmonella, and B. subtilis.

Park et al. [89] developed a novel magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) decorated with varying sized Ag nanoparticles. The MHC was prepared as a cluster of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 coated with silica shell. The MHC decorated with the Ag nanoparticle of 30 nm size (Ag30@MHC) exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficacy toward E. coli CN13 (6-log reduction) and the bacteriophage MS2 (2–3 log reduction).
