**1. Introduction**

Microalgal is that the good biotechnological potential for the assembly of huge quantities reasonably compounds like polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, carotenoids and pigments, vitamins, steroids, amongst others. Microalgal species is now used in the manufacture of animal feed, human nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmacy trade parts. Biofuels could also be used to produce biofuels [1–3]. Some authors have faith in microalgal as biodiesel feed stocks [3]. The advantages of microalgal culture compared to superior plants unit listed [4, 5]:

**1.** Microalgal biological systems square measure thought-about the foremost economical for star lightweight capture and the production of compounds.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


the surroundings, the contamination is unavoidable. According to the analysis literature, the

**Figure 1.** Open ponds cultivation system of microalgal cells. (a) Circular open pond and (b) raceway pond.

During the past 40 years, the raceway pond (**Figure 1b**) has been the foremost common and wide used open system reactor for the large-scale cultivation and business production of microalgal merchandise. The raceway pond was initial raised by Lee [7] and Oswald and Goleuke [8] within the sixties and its look and structure have not been modified a lot of com-

Light is the sole supply of radiant strength, bad light penetration into the pond becomes a hassle. Light is regularly considered to be one of the most vital factors that decide algal increase. The critical troubles that are confronted are: the open pond device, mild penetrates most effective the top 3–4 in. (76–100 mm) of the water. Because the algal grow and multiply, the way of life becomes so dense that it blocks mild from reaching deeper into the water. Low intensities might not promote algal boom at the lowest of the pond. Direct sunlight is simply too strong for most algal, which need most effective about 1/10 the quantity of light they acquire from direct sunlight. Excessive intensity may additionally cause picture inhibition and image-oxidation. Lengthy exposure to light may additionally result in minor damage of

algal series antenna that may be fast repaired via the cell if placed within the darkish.

Studies have tried that it should be powerful to realize high productivity in open ponds because of the actual fact the temperature and light-weight intensity vary at some purpose of the day and 12 months. Further, even at some purpose of bright summer season days, out of doors algal cultures were shown to be light-limited, to get most productivity, it has been cautioned that it is acceptable to possess artificial resources of sunshine for nights and cloudy days [9]. The sunshine saturation result accounts for the truth that a twenty-fold growth

d) and 21 g/(m2

d) [4].

Pilot Scale of Microalgal Production Using Photobioreactor

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productivities in circular pond vary between 8.5 g/(m2

pared with 40 years past till today [8].

*2.1.2.1.1. Light penetration*

*2.1.2.1. Challenges in open pond cultivation systems*

*2.1.2. Raceway pond*

Microalgal cultivation has received a lot of attention within the past decade [6]. Still, most analysis is completed on the laboratory scale and is geared toward beneath standing the behavior of single cells under controlled conditions. As a central component within the production chain, cultivation ought to even be studied in additional detail beneath business or "large-scale" conditions.
