**3. Pigment apparatus of subtropical plants**

In tandem with considering the assessment methods of environmental and biological potential within plants, methods based on various physiological parameters were used [8, 12–14]. For example, during complex research of numerous subtropical crops (tea, kiwi, hazelnuts, tangerines, hydrangea, weigela, etc.) the stability of pigment apparatus parameters was proposed [14–22].We show dynamics of accumulation within photosynthetic pigments in all the studied cultures and reveal the dependence of this process on the main factors in the region.

sprouts was practically unchanged during the growing season, because the photosynthetic apparatus of leaves is very sensitive to any changes in growing conditions (**Figures 1** and **2**). The content of pigments in tea leaves is 2.0–3.8 times higher than their number in sprouts. Therefore, for diagnostic purposes in the parameters of the pigment apparatus we stopped at

Photosynthetic Pigments of Subtropical Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75193 35

In tea leaves during the growing season, there was a significant accumulation of green photo-

Moreover, most leaf growth is achieved in August, followed by a slight decline of chlorophyll synthesis. Such quantitative changes in pigments are associated with the biology of the tea bush. It is known that as aging leaves, and this is the second half of the growing season, there is a reduction of spending spare substances for the formation of sprouts. During this period in tea plant there is an attenuation of growth after the active growing season, which is in May. In the third week of June, sprout growth resumes, but is less active than in May, which accounts for about 50% of the entire collection of tea. Green pigments strenuously accumulate in the lamina and this results in a substantial increase in their number. From September there

**Figure 1.** Comparative content of chlorophyll in sprout and tea leaves, average over 3 years.

**Figure 2.** Comparative carotenoid content in sprout and tea leaves, average over 3 years.

physiologically mature tea leaves.

synthetic pigments (**Figure 3**).

Whereas pigment composition within the plants is extremely labile and depends on many factors for each preculture, it was necessary to set the indicator bodies, taking into account the age of the plant, physiological maturity of the diagnosed organ, its location, etc [23].

As an organ indicator to determine the pigment composition of tea plants, it is necessary to use physiologically mature leaves, which are the first to second leaves, located after the so-called "fish" leaf on the escape of growing season this year's. The "fish" leaf is very different from the normally developed leaves and is a good guide to the selection of samples [24]. In the determination of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of the kiwi culture the existence of tiers in plants and the location of leaves on the inflorescences and fruits should be acknowledged. According to the results of the conducted research we recommend to use the leaves from the middle layer, preferably further away from the fruit [25]. In the study of the pigment complex of hazelnuts, we proposed to use physiologically mature leaves located on the middle tier escape [26]. For the large-leaved plants hydrangea and weigela it is necessary to use the physiologically formed third to fourth leaves from the apical bud or from the top of the escape [21, 27].

Comparing the pigment composition of different cultures used in our studies, we have concluded that the greatest number of green groups were found in the pigments inherent in the leaves of hazelnut (2.40 mg/g) and tea (2.05 mg/g), while the least amount of chlorophyll was observed in the leaves of hydrangea (1.01 mg/g), which is a characteristic feature of these cultures (**Table 1**). At the same time, hazelnut and tea have lesser amounts of carotenoids (0.49–0.52 mg/g) compared to other studied crops.

#### **3.1. Pigment apparatus of tea (***Camellia sinensis* **L.)**

In a lengthy study of the pigment complex within tea plants it was not only the regularities of the pigment content and pigment complex dynamics that are dependent on leaf age and plant variety but it was also observed that these findings are somewhat different to the literature data regarding the patterns of accumulation in the photosynthetic pigments group [24].

In a comparative study of the pigment apparatus of sprouts and physiologically mature tea leaves, it was found that the nature of accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in


**Table 1.** The content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of studied plants (mg/g).

sprouts was practically unchanged during the growing season, because the photosynthetic apparatus of leaves is very sensitive to any changes in growing conditions (**Figures 1** and **2**).

For example, during complex research of numerous subtropical crops (tea, kiwi, hazelnuts, tangerines, hydrangea, weigela, etc.) the stability of pigment apparatus parameters was proposed [14–22].We show dynamics of accumulation within photosynthetic pigments in all the studied

Whereas pigment composition within the plants is extremely labile and depends on many factors for each preculture, it was necessary to set the indicator bodies, taking into account the

As an organ indicator to determine the pigment composition of tea plants, it is necessary to use physiologically mature leaves, which are the first to second leaves, located after the so-called "fish" leaf on the escape of growing season this year's. The "fish" leaf is very different from the normally developed leaves and is a good guide to the selection of samples [24]. In the determination of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of the kiwi culture the existence of tiers in plants and the location of leaves on the inflorescences and fruits should be acknowledged. According to the results of the conducted research we recommend to use the leaves from the middle layer, preferably further away from the fruit [25]. In the study of the pigment complex of hazelnuts, we proposed to use physiologically mature leaves located on the middle tier escape [26]. For the large-leaved plants hydrangea and weigela it is necessary to use the physiologically formed

Comparing the pigment composition of different cultures used in our studies, we have concluded that the greatest number of green groups were found in the pigments inherent in the leaves of hazelnut (2.40 mg/g) and tea (2.05 mg/g), while the least amount of chlorophyll was observed in the leaves of hydrangea (1.01 mg/g), which is a characteristic feature of these cultures (**Table 1**). At the same time, hazelnut and tea have lesser amounts of carotenoids

In a lengthy study of the pigment complex within tea plants it was not only the regularities of the pigment content and pigment complex dynamics that are dependent on leaf age and plant variety but it was also observed that these findings are somewhat different to the literature data regarding the patterns of accumulation in the photosynthetic pigments group [24].

In a comparative study of the pigment apparatus of sprouts and physiologically mature tea leaves, it was found that the nature of accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in

**Culture Sum (***а* **+** *b***) Amount of carotene** *а***/***b a* **+** *b***/carotene** Tea 2.05 ± 0.05 0.52 ± 0.01 2.04 ± 0.02 4.02 ± 0.09 Kiwi 1.61 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.02 1.65 ± 0.03 2.09 ± 0.01 Hazelnut 2.40 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.02 1.38 ± 0.05 5.57 ± 0.09 Hydrangea 1.01 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.01 1.57 ± 0.03 2.09 ± 0.02 Weigela 1.32 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.02 2.23 ± 0.08 2.37 ± 0.02

**Table 1.** The content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of studied plants (mg/g).

cultures and reveal the dependence of this process on the main factors in the region.

34 Photosynthesis - From Its Evolution to Future Improvements in Photosynthetic Efficiency Using Nanomaterials

age of the plant, physiological maturity of the diagnosed organ, its location, etc [23].

third to fourth leaves from the apical bud or from the top of the escape [21, 27].

(0.49–0.52 mg/g) compared to other studied crops.

**3.1. Pigment apparatus of tea (***Camellia sinensis* **L.)**

The content of pigments in tea leaves is 2.0–3.8 times higher than their number in sprouts. Therefore, for diagnostic purposes in the parameters of the pigment apparatus we stopped at physiologically mature tea leaves.

In tea leaves during the growing season, there was a significant accumulation of green photosynthetic pigments (**Figure 3**).

Moreover, most leaf growth is achieved in August, followed by a slight decline of chlorophyll synthesis. Such quantitative changes in pigments are associated with the biology of the tea bush. It is known that as aging leaves, and this is the second half of the growing season, there is a reduction of spending spare substances for the formation of sprouts. During this period in tea plant there is an attenuation of growth after the active growing season, which is in May. In the third week of June, sprout growth resumes, but is less active than in May, which accounts for about 50% of the entire collection of tea. Green pigments strenuously accumulate in the lamina and this results in a substantial increase in their number. From September there

**Figure 1.** Comparative content of chlorophyll in sprout and tea leaves, average over 3 years.

**Figure 2.** Comparative carotenoid content in sprout and tea leaves, average over 3 years.

chlorophyll group. For example, the content of chlorophyll *b* indicates the level of adaptation of plants to low light. For a culture in general this is not very important, because it is grown in open spaces and trellis pruning stimulates the growth of leaves on its upper part. However, tightly restricted insular trellis open to the sun may mean that many lateral leaves are in the shade. In this case, the high content of chlorophyll *b* is located in the edges of the plant leaves,

Photosynthetic Pigments of Subtropical Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75193 37

In addition, we identified that the state of the pigment system of tea has an effect on the varietal characteristics of plants and growing conditions (**Table 2**). Significant accumulation of chlorophyll *a* in the leaves is typical for the varieties Caratum and Sochi. The cultivar Colchida contains the least chlorophyll. Chlorophyll *b* accumulated more in varieties Caratum and Sochi, and less in Colchida; and the differences are significant. As is known, not only are the contents of a particular pigment important, but also their ratio because the ratio *a*/*b* can be judged on the predominance of plant I or II to the photosystem. In all the studied tea plants, the ratio *a*/*b*

is in the range from 1.75 to 2.50 mg/g, indicating the predominance of photosystem II.

cal analyses indicates that the cultivar "Colchida" is inferior to the rest varieties.

Colchida 1.45 ± 0.48 0.58 ± 0.22 2.03 ± 0.70 2.50 ± 0.07 0.40 ± 0.58 6.25 ± 1.42

Caratum 1.80 ± 0.53 1.01 ± 0.40 2.81 ± 0.93 1.78 ± 0.11 0.41 ± 0.30 4.35 ± 0.85 Keemun 1.63 ± 0.46 0.72 ± 0.28 2.35 ± 0.74 2.26 ± 0.10 0.64 ± 0.77 3.54 ± 1.98 Sochi 1.78 ± 0.85 1.02 ± 0.34 2.80 ± 0.62 1.75 ± 0.09 0.62 ± 0.68 2.81 ± 0.95

**Table 2.** Pigment apparatus characterization of different tea plant varieties (mg/g), average over 6 years.

*0.25 0.37 — — 0.18 —*

*а b a + b*

The ratio of total chlorophylls to carotenoids is a more informative sign, because it indicates the degree of adaptation within plants to light and to adverse conditions. A smaller ratio means higher resistance of the varieties. For this indicator, the varieties Keemun and Sochi were allocated, which are quite stable. Within the leaves of given varieties, the ratio of total chlorophylls to carotenoids is 1.8–2.2 times less than in Colchida. Thus, the data of physiologi-

Regarding the dynamics of accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in cultivars that feature the variety Caratum, a sharp increase in the synthesis of green pigments is observed from June to August, followed by a sharp decline. The synthesis of carotenoids can be quite stable throughout the period of active vegetation, and determines the resistance of the varieties to stress factors. In leaves of tea varieties in the adverse temperature period (from October to June/July), Keemun accumulates large amounts of carotenoids [24]. With the improvement of climatic conditions (e.g., temperature stabilization, reduction in water scarcity), the carotenoid content

**Chlorophyll** *а/b* **Carotenoids** *a + b***/carotenoids**

1.72 ± 0.41 0.84 ± 0.22 2.56 ± 0.69 2.05 ± 0.04 0.48 ± 0.11 4.27 ± 1.29

preferably for photosynthetic activities [7].

**Varieties and clones of tea**

Local population

*LSD (P ≤ 0.05)*

**Figure 3.** Dynamics of accumulation of chlorophyll (*a* + *b*) in tea leaves, average over 12 years.

is a significant decline in the content of chlorophyll, which continues until the beginning of the new growing season, due to a decrease in the synthesis of green pigments in the winter. As the leaf ages there is a further loss of chlorophyll, as a consequence of activation of the enzyme responsible for degradation. This process continues until April. As is known, tea is an evergreen plant and the lifetime of the leaf is about a year, which contributes to the creation of cosmetic substances and provides full formation of the sprouts in May.

A somewhat different picture is observed in the dynamics of accumulation of carotenoids in the leaves (**Figure 4**). So, the first increase in carotenoids was observed in July–August. This is due to the onset of the dry period, followed by increasing temperature to 30°C and sometimes more, reduced atmospheric humidity of 50–60%, which is more stressful for the tea plant than lack of soil moisture, and increased solar insolation.

A similar increase in the number of carotenoids up to 0.732 mg/g can be observed in winter. It is known that this group of pigments performs a protective role in defense reactions of the plant organism, therefore enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in adverse conditions within the vegetation plant are needed to promote adaptive responses and reduce overall stress.

As studies have revealed, regularities are common to all tea plants [24].In addition, it is found that the characteristics of the culture in a dense planting affect the prevalence of a particular

**Figure 4.** Accumulation dynamics of carotenoids in tea leaves, average over 12 years.

chlorophyll group. For example, the content of chlorophyll *b* indicates the level of adaptation of plants to low light. For a culture in general this is not very important, because it is grown in open spaces and trellis pruning stimulates the growth of leaves on its upper part. However, tightly restricted insular trellis open to the sun may mean that many lateral leaves are in the shade. In this case, the high content of chlorophyll *b* is located in the edges of the plant leaves, preferably for photosynthetic activities [7].

In addition, we identified that the state of the pigment system of tea has an effect on the varietal characteristics of plants and growing conditions (**Table 2**). Significant accumulation of chlorophyll *a* in the leaves is typical for the varieties Caratum and Sochi. The cultivar Colchida contains the least chlorophyll. Chlorophyll *b* accumulated more in varieties Caratum and Sochi, and less in Colchida; and the differences are significant. As is known, not only are the contents of a particular pigment important, but also their ratio because the ratio *a*/*b* can be judged on the predominance of plant I or II to the photosystem. In all the studied tea plants, the ratio *a*/*b* is in the range from 1.75 to 2.50 mg/g, indicating the predominance of photosystem II.

**Figure 3.** Dynamics of accumulation of chlorophyll (*a* + *b*) in tea leaves, average over 12 years.

36 Photosynthesis - From Its Evolution to Future Improvements in Photosynthetic Efficiency Using Nanomaterials

of cosmetic substances and provides full formation of the sprouts in May.

lack of soil moisture, and increased solar insolation.

**Figure 4.** Accumulation dynamics of carotenoids in tea leaves, average over 12 years.

is a significant decline in the content of chlorophyll, which continues until the beginning of the new growing season, due to a decrease in the synthesis of green pigments in the winter. As the leaf ages there is a further loss of chlorophyll, as a consequence of activation of the enzyme responsible for degradation. This process continues until April. As is known, tea is an evergreen plant and the lifetime of the leaf is about a year, which contributes to the creation

A somewhat different picture is observed in the dynamics of accumulation of carotenoids in the leaves (**Figure 4**). So, the first increase in carotenoids was observed in July–August. This is due to the onset of the dry period, followed by increasing temperature to 30°C and sometimes more, reduced atmospheric humidity of 50–60%, which is more stressful for the tea plant than

A similar increase in the number of carotenoids up to 0.732 mg/g can be observed in winter. It is known that this group of pigments performs a protective role in defense reactions of the plant organism, therefore enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in adverse conditions within the vegetation plant are needed to promote adaptive responses and reduce overall stress.

As studies have revealed, regularities are common to all tea plants [24].In addition, it is found that the characteristics of the culture in a dense planting affect the prevalence of a particular

The ratio of total chlorophylls to carotenoids is a more informative sign, because it indicates the degree of adaptation within plants to light and to adverse conditions. A smaller ratio means higher resistance of the varieties. For this indicator, the varieties Keemun and Sochi were allocated, which are quite stable. Within the leaves of given varieties, the ratio of total chlorophylls to carotenoids is 1.8–2.2 times less than in Colchida. Thus, the data of physiological analyses indicates that the cultivar "Colchida" is inferior to the rest varieties.

Regarding the dynamics of accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in cultivars that feature the variety Caratum, a sharp increase in the synthesis of green pigments is observed from June to August, followed by a sharp decline. The synthesis of carotenoids can be quite stable throughout the period of active vegetation, and determines the resistance of the varieties to stress factors.

In leaves of tea varieties in the adverse temperature period (from October to June/July), Keemun accumulates large amounts of carotenoids [24]. With the improvement of climatic conditions (e.g., temperature stabilization, reduction in water scarcity), the carotenoid content


**Table 2.** Pigment apparatus characterization of different tea plant varieties (mg/g), average over 6 years.

drops slightly. However, at the onset of the winter period their number increases again. This can explain the stability of varieties not only to water deficit, but also to low temperatures. As for green pigments, over the months their syntheses become much smoother. A native of the North Chinese province of Keemun, this variety has long been established in Krasnodar region and can even be found in more northern regions of Russia (for example, Goith and Adygea) [16]. The only problem is the low quality of the tea produced from the sprouts of this class. However, it is an excellent material for breeding resistant varieties of tea.

In plants of Colchida varieties, which contain fewer photosynthetic pigments, the amount of carotenoids is almost constant during the whole period of vegetation. The synthesis of chlorophyll is similar to the processes occurring in the leaves of Caratum. The only difference is that from June to November the fairly evenly active synthesis gives way to a gentle decline.

An interesting feature was observed in plants of the local population. In general, all varieties of tea maximum green pigments are seen in August, but the leaves of local plants mark another peak of active synthesis—from September to November—and after this there is a uniform decline. The same pattern is observed in the accumulation of carotenoids.

As is known, the power of the pigment system of plants is related to their water exchange. Moreover, the status of chlorophylls and carotenoids in drought periods allows it to use this indicator as a criterion for evaluating the resistance of plants (**Table 3**).

Research of the pigment system in poor water availability periods showed that the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids accurately characterizes the drought resistance of tea plants.

A loss of leaf turgor was accompanied by an increase in the number of photosynthetic pigments [10]. In this case, manifested features are a studied variety, which testifies to their different physiological activity. Note that when there is a water deficit there is increased synthesis of carotenoids in plant varieties Keemun and Sochi, derived on the basis of the variety Keemun (1.5–2.0 times compared with the optimum period). This is closely followed by the variety Caratum. This fact indicates good drought resistance of these plants.

It is important to study the influence of drought on the pigment system to find out not only quantitative characteristics, but also how much variability there is in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, since the stability of the synthesis of pigments indicates a physiological state of plants and their ability to resist adverse environmental factors (**Table 3**). Note that greater stability in the synthesis of green photosynthetic pigments is observed in the variety Caratum, which indicates its good adaptive reactions (only 6% compared to the original). At the same time, 48% increases the content of carotenoids, the active synthesis of which is due to stressful conditions. The identified resistance of this variety is confirmed by our data for the study of physiological parameters such as the contents of the forms of water in the plant, increased water scarcity, and enzymatic activity, and as an integral indicator during the growing season.

The variety Colchida and plants of the local population are characterized by the unstable system of green pigments, but low variability of carotenoids.

**Varieties and clones of tea**

 *а* **+** *b* **Initial** 2.64 ± 0.02

3.35 ± 0.06

27

0.50 ± 0.05

0.55 ± 0.02

10

2.24 ± 0.01

2.14 ± 0.03

5.28 ± 1.02

6.10 ± 0.09

Colchida Local population

Caratum

Keemun

Sochi

*LSD* **Table 3.**

*(P ≤ 0.05)*

*1.14*

*0.95*

*—*

Changes in the pigment apparatus of plants due to tea loss of moisture by the leaf (mg/g), average over 6 years.

*0.10*

*0.12*

*—*

*—*

*—*

*—*

*—*

Photosynthetic Pigments of Subtropical Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75193 39

1.69 ± 0.01 1.47 ± 0.05 2.22 ± 0.01 2.26 ± 0.05

2.69 ± 0.02

19

0.48 ± 0.02

0.66 ± 0.01

38

2.01 ± 0.01

1.75 ± 0.06

4.71 ± 0.09

4.07 ± 0.01

2.58 ± 0.04

16

0.74 ± 0.04

0.99 ± 0.01

34

1.91 ± 0.05

1.57 ± 0.05

3.00 ± 0.08

2.61 ± 0.02

1.56 ± 0.05 6

2.10 ± 0.06

24

0.47 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.02

0.62 ± 0.02

48

1.75 ± 0.01

2.14 ± 0.02

3.50 ± 0.08

2.51 ± 0.01

0.55 ± 0.01

17

2.29 ± 0.02

2.08 ± 0.02

3.60 ± 0.02

3.81 ± 0.01

**Withering**

**% to initial**

**Initial**

**Withering**

**% to initial**

**Initial**

**Withering**

**Initial**

**Withering**

**Carotenoids**

*а***/b**

*а* **+**

*b***/carotenoids**

We have identified that in areas with optimal tea soil conditions, characterized by high fertility, differences in the content of photosynthetic pigments is insignificant. However, more important


drops slightly. However, at the onset of the winter period their number increases again. This can explain the stability of varieties not only to water deficit, but also to low temperatures. As for green pigments, over the months their syntheses become much smoother. A native of the North Chinese province of Keemun, this variety has long been established in Krasnodar region and can even be found in more northern regions of Russia (for example, Goith and Adygea) [16]. The only problem is the low quality of the tea produced from the sprouts of this

In plants of Colchida varieties, which contain fewer photosynthetic pigments, the amount of carotenoids is almost constant during the whole period of vegetation. The synthesis of chlo

rophyll is similar to the processes occurring in the leaves of Caratum. The only difference is that from June to November the fairly evenly active synthesis gives way to a gentle decline. An interesting feature was observed in plants of the local population. In general, all variet

ies of tea maximum green pigments are seen in August, but the leaves of local plants mark another peak of active synthesis—from September to November—and after this there is a

As is known, the power of the pigment system of plants is related to their water exchange. Moreover, the status of chlorophylls and carotenoids in drought periods allows it to use this

Research of the pigment system in poor water availability periods showed that the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids accurately characterizes the drought resistance of tea plants. A loss of leaf turgor was accompanied by an increase in the number of photosynthetic pig

ments [10]. In this case, manifested features are a studied variety, which testifies to their different physiological activity. Note that when there is a water deficit there is increased syn

thesis of carotenoids in plant varieties Keemun and Sochi, derived on the basis of the variety Keemun (1.5–2.0 times compared with the optimum period). This is closely followed by the

It is important to study the influence of drought on the pigment system to find out not only quantitative characteristics, but also how much variability there is in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, since the stability of the synthesis of pigments indicates a physiological state of plants and their ability to resist adverse environmental factors (**Table 3**). Note that greater stability in the synthesis of green photosynthetic pigments is observed in the variety Caratum, which indicates its good adaptive reactions (only 6% compared to the original). At the same time, 48% increases the content of carotenoids, the active synthesis of which is due to stress

ful conditions. The identified resistance of this variety is confirmed by our data for the study of physiological parameters such as the contents of the forms of water in the plant, increased water scarcity, and enzymatic activity, and as an integral indicator during the growing season. The variety Colchida and plants of the local population are characterized by the unstable

We have identified that in areas with optimal tea soil conditions, characterized by high fertility, differences in the content of photosynthetic pigments is insignificant. However, more important

uniform decline. The same pattern is observed in the accumulation of carotenoids.

indicator as a criterion for evaluating the resistance of plants (**Table 3**).

variety Caratum. This fact indicates good drought resistance of these plants.

system of green pigments, but low variability of carotenoids.






class. However, it is an excellent material for breeding resistant varieties of tea.

38 Photosynthesis - From Its Evolution to Future Improvements in Photosynthetic Efficiency Using Nanomaterials

**Table 3.** Changes in the pigment apparatus of plants due to tea loss of moisture by the leaf (mg/g), average over 6 years. are hydrothermal conditions, which in each microsegment are rather peculiar. Plantations are located on slopes, with higher slopes in degrees (from 15 to 20°C, at 5–7°C on the other), the southern exposure of the slope above the solar insolation (50–100 lux) and lower humidity (about 68.7% in 72–81% in other areas). Areas that are warm therefore contain plants that suffer water deficit. This is due to the great liability of the carotenoid content: 30–40% of the original value. Under optimal soil conditions were stimulates the adaptive ability of plants without causing visible oppression of the tea bushes (as evidenced by the high productivity of these plantations).

#### **3.2. Pigment apparatus of the plants of Actinidia sweet (***Actinidia deliciosa* **Chevalier)**

Within the study of pigment apparatus of the plants of Actinidia sweet (*A. deliciosa*) was installed the dynamic nature of accumulation of chlorophyll (*a* + *b*) and carotenoid responsive hydrothermal growth conditions [25]. In general, the culture in the leaves during the vegetation period produces a significant accumulation of green photosynthetic pigments, while the highest content of chlorophylls was achieved in August (2.026 mg/g). Enhanced accumulation of carotenoids was also observed in August (0.982 mg/g), which is associated with the onset of the dry period (**Figure 5**).

**3.3. Pigment apparatus of the plants of hazelnut (***Corylus pontica* **C. Koch)**

*LSD (P ≤ 0.05) 0.35 0.10 — —*

restored, grade Futkurami small decline continues further (**Table 5**).

**Figure 6.** Dynamics of accumulation of carotenoids in the leaves of hazelnut, average over 3 years.

the group [17].

over 3 years.

Research of the pigment apparatus of hazelnut leaves showed that the maximum green pigment is in May, followed by a decline associated with the onset of an adverse water availability period in July, accompanied by elevated air temperatures. At the same time, features of the dynamics of carotenoids in the leaves of hazelnut are such that May marks the lowest content of this group of pigments (0.36 mg/g). In this case, the leaves of the hazelnut show certain xeromorphic features associated with a relative resistance of hazelnut to water stress (**Figure 6**). Furthermore, by August it was observed that there was a significant (twofold) increase in carotenoids in the cells, which is directly associated not so much with the deterioration of the hydrothermal factors, but with aging of the leaf and the destruction of the green pigments of

**Table 4.** The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of different Actinidia sweet varieties (in mg/g), average

**Varieties Sum chlorophyll Carotenoids** *а/b a + b***/carotenoids**

Photosynthetic Pigments of Subtropical Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75193 41

Hayward 1.96 ± 0.02 71.4 0.88 ± 0.02 106.9 1.63 ± 0.01 2.02 ± 0.05 Bruno 1.50 ± 0.06 81.6 0.75 ± 0.08 115.7 1.70 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.06 Monty 1.25 ± 0.05 89.6 0.63 ± 0.03 126.0 1.51 ± 0.04 2.58 ± 0.07 Allison 1.73 ± 0.02 76.1 0.85 ± 0.09 108.7 1.73 ± 0.09 2.04 ± 0.05

**Х ± Sх V, % Х ± Sх V, %**

The general pattern, traceable in all cultures, including the hazelnut, is expressed in the presence of varietal differences. However, the overall analysis of the dynamics of chlorophylls made by three-year average data showed that, if varieties such as Lombard red, Cherkesskiy-2, and President as optimization of conditions of humidifying the synthesis of green pigments is

It is known that carotenoids perform a photoprotective function in defense reactions of the plant organism (they protect the reaction center from the powerful streams of energy at high intensities of light and stabilize the lipid phase thylakoid membranes, protecting them from peroxidation), therefore enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in adverse conditions of a vegetation plant is needed to promote adaptive responses and reduce the overall stress of the plant.

The accumulation of synthetic pigments in Actinidia sweet is no less clear than that of tea appear varietal differences (**Table 4**). As can be seen from the data in the table, the differences between varieties in the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments are essential. The control strain for studies was conducted in the humid subtropical climate for the variety Hayward [28]. As can be seen from **Table 4**, the varieties Monty and Bruno revealed a much smaller number of green pigments, and the same pattern is identified in the content of the leaves of experimental cultivars of carotenoids. The coefficients of variation are large enough to show the dynamic nature of the synthesis of pigments, which depends entirely on hydrothermal factors.

**Figure 5.** Accumulation dynamics of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of *Actinidia deliciosa*, average over 3 years.


**Table 4.** The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of different Actinidia sweet varieties (in mg/g), average over 3 years.

#### **3.3. Pigment apparatus of the plants of hazelnut (***Corylus pontica* **C. Koch)**

are hydrothermal conditions, which in each microsegment are rather peculiar. Plantations are located on slopes, with higher slopes in degrees (from 15 to 20°C, at 5–7°C on the other), the southern exposure of the slope above the solar insolation (50–100 lux) and lower humidity (about 68.7% in 72–81% in other areas). Areas that are warm therefore contain plants that suffer water deficit. This is due to the great liability of the carotenoid content: 30–40% of the original value. Under optimal soil conditions were stimulates the adaptive ability of plants without causing visible oppression of the tea bushes (as evidenced by the high productivity of these plantations).

40 Photosynthesis - From Its Evolution to Future Improvements in Photosynthetic Efficiency Using Nanomaterials

Within the study of pigment apparatus of the plants of Actinidia sweet (*A. deliciosa*) was installed the dynamic nature of accumulation of chlorophyll (*a* + *b*) and carotenoid responsive hydrothermal growth conditions [25]. In general, the culture in the leaves during the vegetation period produces a significant accumulation of green photosynthetic pigments, while the highest content of chlorophylls was achieved in August (2.026 mg/g). Enhanced accumulation of carotenoids was also observed in August (0.982 mg/g), which is associated with the onset of the dry period (**Figure 5**). It is known that carotenoids perform a photoprotective function in defense reactions of the plant organism (they protect the reaction center from the powerful streams of energy at high intensities of light and stabilize the lipid phase thylakoid membranes, protecting them from peroxidation), therefore enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in adverse conditions of a vegetation plant is needed to promote adaptive responses and reduce the overall stress of the plant. The accumulation of synthetic pigments in Actinidia sweet is no less clear than that of tea appear varietal differences (**Table 4**). As can be seen from the data in the table, the differences between varieties in the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments are essential. The control strain for studies was conducted in the humid subtropical climate for the variety Hayward [28]. As can be seen from **Table 4**, the varieties Monty and Bruno revealed a much smaller number of green pigments, and the same pattern is identified in the content of the leaves of experimental cultivars of carotenoids. The coefficients of variation are large enough to show the dynamic

nature of the synthesis of pigments, which depends entirely on hydrothermal factors.

**Figure 5.** Accumulation dynamics of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of *Actinidia deliciosa*, average over 3 years.

**3.2. Pigment apparatus of the plants of Actinidia sweet (***Actinidia deliciosa*

**Chevalier)**

Research of the pigment apparatus of hazelnut leaves showed that the maximum green pigment is in May, followed by a decline associated with the onset of an adverse water availability period in July, accompanied by elevated air temperatures. At the same time, features of the dynamics of carotenoids in the leaves of hazelnut are such that May marks the lowest content of this group of pigments (0.36 mg/g). In this case, the leaves of the hazelnut show certain xeromorphic features associated with a relative resistance of hazelnut to water stress (**Figure 6**).

Furthermore, by August it was observed that there was a significant (twofold) increase in carotenoids in the cells, which is directly associated not so much with the deterioration of the hydrothermal factors, but with aging of the leaf and the destruction of the green pigments of the group [17].

The general pattern, traceable in all cultures, including the hazelnut, is expressed in the presence of varietal differences. However, the overall analysis of the dynamics of chlorophylls made by three-year average data showed that, if varieties such as Lombard red, Cherkesskiy-2, and President as optimization of conditions of humidifying the synthesis of green pigments is restored, grade Futkurami small decline continues further (**Table 5**).

**Figure 6.** Dynamics of accumulation of carotenoids in the leaves of hazelnut, average over 3 years.


**Table 5.** The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of different hazelnut varieties (in mg/g), average over 3 years.

In addition, it is revealed that the minimum number of carotenoids over the entire observation period was observed in the varieties of Lombard red and the maximum in the variety Cherkesskiy-2.

> as Admiration and Draps Wonder, which feature dense dark leaf plates. This fact determines a more active photosynthetic activity in even the smallest shading, since the ratio of chlorophyll *a*/*b* we can conclude that these varieties are shade tolerant [20]. The highest amount of carotenoids was observed in varieties such as Sister Teresa and Draps Wonder, exhibiting resistance

> **Table 6.** Pigment apparatus characterization of different varieties of *Hydrangea macrophylla* (mg/g), average over 3 years.

1.25 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.02 1.99 ± 0.01 1.68 ± 0.01 0.90 ± 0.08 2.21 ± 0.02

**Varieties Chlorophyll** *а/b* **Carotenoids** *a + b***/carotenoids**

Photosynthetic Pigments of Subtropical Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75193 43

Altona 0.89 ± 0.04 0.54 ± 0.03 1.43 ± 0.07 1.64 ± 0.03 0.72 ± 0.02 1.93 ± 0.03 Sister Teresa 1.03 ± 0.02 0.67 ± 0.05 1.69 ± 0.03 1.53 ± 0.02 0.90 ± 0.01 1.87 ± 0.02 Bichon 0.87 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.02 1.51 ± 0.03 1.38 ± 0.04 0.74 ± 0.03 2.08 ± 0.04 *F. rosea* 0.80 ± 0.05 0.54 ± 0.08 1.35 ± 0.07 1.48 ± 0.05 0.64 ± 0.05 1.98 ± 0.02 Admiration 1.22 ± 0.07 0.70 ± 0.01 1.92 ± 0.06 1.74 ± 0.04 0.77 ± 0.03 2.49 ± 0.07

*LSD (P ≤ 0.05) — — 0.55 — 0.21 —*

*а b a + b*

The accumulation of carotenoids in these varieties during the period of vegetative decay processes shows active resistance of plants to the accumulation of peroxides in the leaves, which

The photosynthetic potential of the new introduced varieties of hydrangea large leaf was assessed by studying within the dynamics of accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves. According to the data obtained (**Figure 8**), the maximum accumulation of chlorophyll *a* in the cultivars "General Patton" and "Jogosaki" is in May–June (1.11 and 1.07 mg/g wet weight, respectively) and the variety "Altona" recorded two leaps of increase in chlorophyll

further leads to their more rapid recovery from a stressful situation.

**Figure 8.** Dynamics of chlorophyll *a* content in leaves of hydrangea large leaf.

to the action of hydrothermal factors.

Draps Wonder

#### **3.4. Pigment apparatus of hydrangea large leaf (***Hydrangea macrophylla* **[Thunb.] Ser.) and weigela (***Weigela × wagneri* **L. H. Bailey)**

In addition to crops such as kiwifruit, hazelnuts, and tea, we researched the pigment apparatus of ornamental plants hydrangea large leaf and *W. × wagneri*. Studies have shown that the dynamics of carotenoids are associated with an adaptive mechanism of protection against stress in hydrangea plants subject to somewhat different patterns than previously considered (**Figure 7**).

As is shown in **Figure 7**, the maximum amount of carotenoids is in May, and by July there is a significant (1.4 times) decrease in the synthesis of this group of pigments. This process is related to the fact that the vegetation of hydrangea starts earlier (February–March) when the air temperature is above 5°C. Consequently, upon reaching the arid period of active vegetative processes the plant is somewhat subsided, leading to suspension of the synthesis of carotenoids; however, further synthesis of carotenoids is enhanced because of its involvement in the activation of defense mechanisms.

In the process of accumulation of photosynthetic pigments there are apparent varietal differences (**Table 6**). Thus, significantly more chlorophyll is contained in the leaves of varieties such

**Figure 7.** Dynamics of accumulation of carotenoids in hydrangea large leaf, average over 3 years.


**Table 6.** Pigment apparatus characterization of different varieties of *Hydrangea macrophylla* (mg/g), average over 3 years.

In addition, it is revealed that the minimum number of carotenoids over the entire observation period was observed in the varieties of Lombard red and the maximum in the variety

**Table 5.** The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of different hazelnut varieties (in mg/g), average over 3

**Х ± Sх V, % Х ± Sх V, %**

In addition to crops such as kiwifruit, hazelnuts, and tea, we researched the pigment apparatus of ornamental plants hydrangea large leaf and *W. × wagneri*. Studies have shown that the dynamics of carotenoids are associated with an adaptive mechanism of protection against stress in hydrangea plants subject to somewhat different patterns than previously considered (**Figure 7**). As is shown in **Figure 7**, the maximum amount of carotenoids is in May, and by July there is a significant (1.4 times) decrease in the synthesis of this group of pigments. This process is related to the fact that the vegetation of hydrangea starts earlier (February–March) when the air temperature is above 5°C. Consequently, upon reaching the arid period of active vegetative processes the plant is somewhat subsided, leading to suspension of the synthesis of carotenoids; however, further synthesis of carotenoids is enhanced because of its involvement

In the process of accumulation of photosynthetic pigments there are apparent varietal differences (**Table 6**). Thus, significantly more chlorophyll is contained in the leaves of varieties such

**Figure 7.** Dynamics of accumulation of carotenoids in hydrangea large leaf, average over 3 years.

**3.4. Pigment apparatus of hydrangea large leaf (***Hydrangea macrophylla* **[Thunb.]** 

Cherkesskiy-2 2.61 ± 0.37 61.9 0.54 ± 0.06 135.7 Lombard red 2.60 ± 0.15 62.0 0.47 ± 0.11 146.0 President 2.55 ± 0.16 62.1 0.48 ± 0.11 144.4 Futkurami 2.59 ± 0.44 62.6 0.51 ± 0.06 140.7

42 Photosynthesis - From Its Evolution to Future Improvements in Photosynthetic Efficiency Using Nanomaterials

**Varieties Sum of chlorophyll Carotenoids**

**Ser.) and weigela (***Weigela × wagneri* **L. H. Bailey)**

in the activation of defense mechanisms.

Cherkesskiy-2.

years.

as Admiration and Draps Wonder, which feature dense dark leaf plates. This fact determines a more active photosynthetic activity in even the smallest shading, since the ratio of chlorophyll *a*/*b* we can conclude that these varieties are shade tolerant [20]. The highest amount of carotenoids was observed in varieties such as Sister Teresa and Draps Wonder, exhibiting resistance to the action of hydrothermal factors.

The accumulation of carotenoids in these varieties during the period of vegetative decay processes shows active resistance of plants to the accumulation of peroxides in the leaves, which further leads to their more rapid recovery from a stressful situation.

The photosynthetic potential of the new introduced varieties of hydrangea large leaf was assessed by studying within the dynamics of accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves. According to the data obtained (**Figure 8**), the maximum accumulation of chlorophyll *a* in the cultivars "General Patton" and "Jogosaki" is in May–June (1.11 and 1.07 mg/g wet weight, respectively) and the variety "Altona" recorded two leaps of increase in chlorophyll

**Figure 8.** Dynamics of chlorophyll *a* content in leaves of hydrangea large leaf.

*a* in May–June (0.98 and 1.06 mg/g) and in August–September (1.10 and 1.13 mg/g, respectively). At the same time the variety "Admiration" had low accumulation of this pigment in May–June (0.77 and 0.76 mg/g) and a sharp increase in the summer and autumn months (July–September). During the period of vegetation, all introduced varieties' chlorophyll *a* content was higher than the variety "Madame Faustin" [22]. Note also that the decrease in the content of green pigments in August was accompanied by inhibition of biosynthesis, which is visually manifested in slowing the growth of plants.

**Figure 9** shows the dynamics of the content of chlorophyll *b* in the leaves of large-leaved varieties of hydrangea. The results show that the content of the pigment in the optimal hydrothermal conditions for the period (May) averaged 0.48 mg/g. When increasing the stress factors in July–August (by increasing maximum air temperature to 35°C and lowering the humidity of air and soil by 60% and 20%, respectively) a higher content of chlorophyll *b* to an average of 0.74 and 0.78 mg/g, was observed.

While more resistant varieties such as "Altona" and "Admiration" show a marked increase in the content of chlorophyll *b*, a less variable content of the pigment during the period of research was also seen in resistant varieties of "General Patton" and "Jogosaki" (**Figure 9**), in comparison with the control cultivar "Madame Faustin." Our results do not contradict the data of other researchers, who believe that physiological adaptation may manifest itself in an increase in the content of chlorophylls *a* and *b* compared to control. Also, it was experimentally discovered that chlorophyll *b* can perform a protective function; in this case, the higher the content of chlorophyll *b*, the lower the sensitivity to bright light. In addition, during drought, chlorophyll *a* is destroyed to a greater extent than chlorophyll *b*.

September, there was an increase in the accumulation of carotenoids in the average grades to 0.89–0.94 mg/g, respectively. The maximum amount of carotenoids was observed in resistant varieties "Admiration" (1.0 mg/g) and "Jogosaki" (0.98 mg/g) and the minimum amount in the unstable control variety "Madame Faustin" (0.71 mg/g). Increasing the level of carotenoids in relatively resistant varieties in the summer can be explained by adaptive reaction aimed at improving stability of the photosynthetic apparatus and prevention of photody-

Photosynthetic Pigments of Subtropical Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75193 45

**Figure 10.** Accumulation dynamics of carotenoids (mg/g wet weight) in leaves of hydrangea large leaf.

**Figure 11.** Accumulation dynamics of carotenoids in the leaves of weigela, average over 2 years.

The following informative indicator characterizing the operation of the photosynthetic apparatus is the ratio of chlorophyll *a* to chlorophyll *b* (*a*/*b*). This indicator can characterize the potential photochemical activity of leaves. It is also the photosynthetic activity of chlorophyll *a* and the longer it takes the more intense is the photosynthesis. We found that in the largeleaved varieties of hydrangea the ratio of *a*/*b* ranged from an average over the growing period of 1.49 for "Madame Faustin" (control) to 1.69 for "Altona." Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that for this indicator, the introduced varieties "Altona," "Admiration," and "Jogosaki" have been successfully adapted to the conditions of Russia's damp subtropics [21]. In the accumulation of carotenoids in the leaves of weigela, two periods are clearly seen, completely unrelated to changes in hydrothermal factors (**Figure 11**). In the period June–July, with increasing temperature up to 25–27 OS and a decrease in precipitation, a slight decrease in

namic destruction during a drought.

An important constituent of the pigment system of plants are the carotenoids. The quantitative content of carotenoids in the leaves of large-leaved varieties of hydrangea showed that this indicator is dynamic. A general trend is the accumulation of yellow pigment in the vegetation period from May to the third week of June in the whole culture (**Figure 10**). Thus, during the optimal period for hydrothermal indicators (May–June), the content of carotenoids on average was at the level of 0.66 mg/g. However, if you increase the action of stress factors on hydrangea plants in the period from the first week of July to the third week of

**Figure 9.** Dynamics of accumulation of chlorophyll *b* in leaves of hydrangea large leaf.

**Figure 10.** Accumulation dynamics of carotenoids (mg/g wet weight) in leaves of hydrangea large leaf.

September, there was an increase in the accumulation of carotenoids in the average grades to 0.89–0.94 mg/g, respectively. The maximum amount of carotenoids was observed in resistant varieties "Admiration" (1.0 mg/g) and "Jogosaki" (0.98 mg/g) and the minimum amount in the unstable control variety "Madame Faustin" (0.71 mg/g). Increasing the level of carotenoids in relatively resistant varieties in the summer can be explained by adaptive reaction aimed at improving stability of the photosynthetic apparatus and prevention of photodynamic destruction during a drought.

The following informative indicator characterizing the operation of the photosynthetic apparatus is the ratio of chlorophyll *a* to chlorophyll *b* (*a*/*b*). This indicator can characterize the potential photochemical activity of leaves. It is also the photosynthetic activity of chlorophyll *a* and the longer it takes the more intense is the photosynthesis. We found that in the largeleaved varieties of hydrangea the ratio of *a*/*b* ranged from an average over the growing period of 1.49 for "Madame Faustin" (control) to 1.69 for "Altona." Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that for this indicator, the introduced varieties "Altona," "Admiration," and "Jogosaki" have been successfully adapted to the conditions of Russia's damp subtropics [21].

In the accumulation of carotenoids in the leaves of weigela, two periods are clearly seen, completely unrelated to changes in hydrothermal factors (**Figure 11**). In the period June–July, with increasing temperature up to 25–27 OS and a decrease in precipitation, a slight decrease in

**Figure 11.** Accumulation dynamics of carotenoids in the leaves of weigela, average over 2 years.

**Figure 9.** Dynamics of accumulation of chlorophyll *b* in leaves of hydrangea large leaf.

*a* in May–June (0.98 and 1.06 mg/g) and in August–September (1.10 and 1.13 mg/g, respectively). At the same time the variety "Admiration" had low accumulation of this pigment in May–June (0.77 and 0.76 mg/g) and a sharp increase in the summer and autumn months (July–September). During the period of vegetation, all introduced varieties' chlorophyll *a* content was higher than the variety "Madame Faustin" [22]. Note also that the decrease in the content of green pigments in August was accompanied by inhibition of biosynthesis, which is

44 Photosynthesis - From Its Evolution to Future Improvements in Photosynthetic Efficiency Using Nanomaterials

**Figure 9** shows the dynamics of the content of chlorophyll *b* in the leaves of large-leaved varieties of hydrangea. The results show that the content of the pigment in the optimal hydrothermal conditions for the period (May) averaged 0.48 mg/g. When increasing the stress factors in July–August (by increasing maximum air temperature to 35°C and lowering the humidity of air and soil by 60% and 20%, respectively) a higher content of chlorophyll *b* to an average of

While more resistant varieties such as "Altona" and "Admiration" show a marked increase in the content of chlorophyll *b*, a less variable content of the pigment during the period of research was also seen in resistant varieties of "General Patton" and "Jogosaki" (**Figure 9**), in comparison with the control cultivar "Madame Faustin." Our results do not contradict the data of other researchers, who believe that physiological adaptation may manifest itself in an increase in the content of chlorophylls *a* and *b* compared to control. Also, it was experimentally discovered that chlorophyll *b* can perform a protective function; in this case, the higher the content of chlorophyll *b*, the lower the sensitivity to bright light. In addition, dur-

An important constituent of the pigment system of plants are the carotenoids. The quantitative content of carotenoids in the leaves of large-leaved varieties of hydrangea showed that this indicator is dynamic. A general trend is the accumulation of yellow pigment in the vegetation period from May to the third week of June in the whole culture (**Figure 10**). Thus, during the optimal period for hydrothermal indicators (May–June), the content of carotenoids on average was at the level of 0.66 mg/g. However, if you increase the action of stress factors on hydrangea plants in the period from the first week of July to the third week of

ing drought, chlorophyll *a* is destroyed to a greater extent than chlorophyll *b*.

visually manifested in slowing the growth of plants.

0.74 and 0.78 mg/g, was observed.


flexible (with high yield potential) cultivars, but they may have a low stability of yield under

Extensive technology is proposed to use stable, but not as flexible, varieties. Because the goal of the breeder is the creation of varieties, fully realizing their potential in the specific conditions of cultivation, we talk about the need for compliance with selection of the technology

In this situation, knowledge of the response to abiotic factors of the main physical characteristics, especially, is closely related to the provision of assimilative capacity, and allows the prediction of expected properties. We defined ecological flexibility characteristics, such as the amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids, depending on varietal facilities of plants of *A. deliciosa* (**Tables 8** and **9**). The analysis of the varieties in the parameters of ecological flexibility of both groups of photosynthetic pigments showed that the varieties, the change of photosynthetic capacity that most fully corresponds to the change in temperature conditions, are types of Monty and the accumulation of carotenoids and Bruno. The linear regression coefficient of the variety Allison suggests a significant increase in the pigments only under the influence of

The factor of illumination parameter such as the magnitude of accumulation within chlorophylls (*a* + *b*) (responsible for synthetic processes) is more adapted to the condition of cultivation in the variety Hayward, while the cultivar Monty shows high ecological flexibility in

*\* S<sup>i</sup>*

*\* S<sup>i</sup>*

**<sup>2</sup>***\* r***\*** *b<sup>i</sup>*

**<sup>2</sup>***\** **r\*** *b<sup>i</sup>*

*\* S<sup>i</sup>*

Photosynthetic Pigments of Subtropical Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75193 47

2\*—variance of the deviations from the

*\* S<sup>i</sup>*

2\*—variance of the deviations from the

**2***\**

**2***\**

**Varieties Air temperature (°С) Illumination (lux) Relative humidity (%)**

Hayward 0.45 0.04 51.2 −0.36 −1.94 9545.6 0.98 −3.20 206.8 Monty −0.62 −0.26 42.8 0.17 −2.50 7982.6 −0.92 −4.11 173.0 Allison 0.96 0.10 49.5 0.84 −2.20 9231.1 −0.01 −3.62 200.0 Bruno 0.29 0.04 47.0 0.91 −3.48 8776.5 −0.85 −5.75 190.2

—coefficient of linear regression; *Si*

**Table 8.** Evaluation of the ecological flexibility and stability of varieties of *Actinidia deliciosa*, the sum of chlorophylls.

**Varieties Air temperature (°С) Illumination (Lux) Relative humidity (%)**

Hayward −0.62 0.02 109.08 −0.51 −2.29 109.08 −0.76 −1.84 172.86 Monty −1.00 −7.45 126.02 0.65 17.85 126.02 −0.79 −7.69 230.69 Allison −0.74 3.75 108.73 0.71 6.39 108.72 −0.73 −9.76 171.70 Bruno 0.58 −2.83 115.65 0.65 5.99 115.65 −0.94 −1.10 194.28

—coefficient of linear regression; *Si*

**Table 9.** Evaluation of the ecological flexibility and stability of grades *Actinidia deliciosa* on the amount of carotenoids.

**<sup>2</sup>***\* r***\*** *b<sup>i</sup>*

**<sup>2</sup>***\* r***\*** *b<sup>i</sup>*

adverse conditions.

level for agricultural production.

*r***\*** *b<sup>i</sup>*

*r***\*** *b<sup>i</sup>*

—correlation coefficient; *bi*

—correlation coefficient; *bi*

*\* S<sup>i</sup>*

Annotation: *r*\*

Annotation: *r*\*

linear regression.

linear regression.

the improvement of thermal conditions of cultivation.

*\* S<sup>i</sup>*

\*

\*

**Table 7.** Pigment apparatus characterization of different weigela varieties (mg/g), average over 3 years.

carotenoid content is noted. With further tightening of the manifestations of drought, the synthesis of carotenoids increases sharply, reaching a maximum level of 0.921 mg/g wet weight.

As in the previously described cultures, there are varietal differences in the content of photosynthetic pigments, and therefore in the capacity of the pigment system (**Table 7**).

However, as the table shows, the amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids, slightly different weigela varieties, and low values of the coefficients of variation (30%) indicate low variability of the characteristic that can be used in the diagnosis of culture on this indicator [21].
