*3.4.4. DNA reporters*

In real-time quantitative PCR, the traditional immunoassays techniques are added and this is called as real-time immunoquantitative PCR (iqPCR). The labels used in this assay are DNAlabeled probes [21, 22].

#### *3.4.5. Enzymes*

The most commonly used labels in immunoassays are enzymes, such immunoassays are called as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or sometimes enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Different enzymes are used in such assays, for example, glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase (HRM) and alkaline phosphatase. The enzymes are exposed to the reagents which cause them to produce chemiluminescence or light.
