Preface

Mr. Mark Schwartz, the editor, is a private consultant for Thought Technology Ltd., and the Biofeedback Federation of Europe (BFE). He would like to acknowledge the authors who contributed to the volume and the dedication of IntechOpen staff, especially Anita Condic, Author Service Manager, without whose guidance and assistance the project could not have been completed.

The purpose of the book is to introduce the reader to a variety of research on biofeedback. The six chapters form a sample of the range of biofeedback for physical and mental health rehabilitation in the clinic and at home. All six authors describe, in their own way, how ob‐ jective electrophysiological data provides useful measures for assessment and therapy. They are to be congratulated on their work.

The first chapter, "Biofeedback and neurofeedback in the treatment of migraine", is written by Ph.D. student Zivoder Ivana. The second chapter by Prof. Dumitrascu looks at pelvic floor rehabilitation and is titled "Factors predicting failure in anorectal biofeedback". The third chapter by Dr Liao Da-Vin is titled "Collaborative, social-networked posture training with posturing monitoring and biofeedback". It is a useful and timely description of the role of biofeedback to support rehabilitation therapy at home and describe how objective infor‐ mation of physiotherapy treatments could increase the quality of service and the consistency of treatment outcomes. The fourth chapter by Prof. Silva Hugo is titled "Bridging the clinichome divide in muscular rehabilitation". It also covers the role of biofeedback to support rehabilitation therapy at home. The fifth chapter is written by Ph.D. student Grin-Yatsenko Vera and is titled "Effect of infra-low frequency neurofeedback on infra-slow-EEG-fluctua‐ tions". The sixth and final chapter in the volume, "Control systems of bionic limbs of the new generation and control systems with EMG signals of VR and games, toys" by M.A. Iva‐ niuk Natallia goes beyond the person and shows how biofeedback can be integrated in the behavior of a bionic hand.

The first chapter describes a case study conducted by a nurse and a medical doctor to dem‐ onstrate biofeedback and neurofeedback for a migraine. The case demonstrates how a fe‐ male patient was taught self-regulation techniques to enhance individual control of pain and reduce migraine-related stress with a review of the literature with a focus on European pop‐ ulations. The author underlines the importance of listening to the details in an interview for possible treatment options.

The second chapter by Prof. Dumitrascu provides a good summary and introduction to ano‐ rectal biofeedback as practiced in a tertiary hospital in Romania. The reader will learn of the key factors that influence outcomes and the technique and clinical use of anorectal biofeed‐ back. The study method is clear and supports the results. The discussion and literature re‐ view is thorough and provides an interesting comparison with centres in other countries.

The third chapter is by Dr Liao Da-Vin and is titled "Collaborative, social-networked pos‐ ture training with posturing monitoring and biofeedback". It is a useful and timely descrip‐ tion of the role of biofeedback to support rehabilitation therapy at home and describes how objective information of physiotherapy treatments could increase the quality of service and the consistency of treatment outcomes. The experiment is clearly described and the conclu‐ sions support the presented research with evidence from the literature. The chapter pro‐ vokes more thought on how the application of mobile devices and apps need to be adapted for different treatment approaches and for specific conditions and contexts such as client populations of teens, parents, guardians and friends.

The fourth chapter is by Prof. Silva Hugo and is titled "Bridging the clinic-home divide in muscular rehabilitation". It also covers the role of biofeedback to support rehabilitation ther‐ apy at home and describes how objective information of physiotherapy treatments could increase the quality of service and the consistency of treatment outcomes..

The fifth chapter, "Effect of infra-low frequency neurofeedback on infra-slow-EEG-fluctua‐ tions" places Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback (ILF NF) within the framework of EEG biofeedback. The review of EEG biofeedback based on frequencies within the conventional EEG spectrum of 0.5 to 40 Hz is useful and clearly distinguishes between the purpose of Infra-Low Frequency (ILF) neurofeedback with references from the literature to support in‐ fra-slow potential fluctuations in modulating the level of cortical excitability and thus regu‐ lating brain dynamical activity. The difference(s) between "normal" and "balanced" in the interpretation and conclusions regarding modifications in the changes in the amplitude dis‐ tribution within the ILF spectral range as a reflection of the "normalization" or "balancing" in the metabolic balance in the brain tissue and increasing efficiency of compensatory mech‐ anisms in the stress regulation systems is described.

The sixth and final chapter, "Control systems of bionic limbs of the new generation and con‐ trol systems with EMG signals of VR and games", provides a useful introduction and over‐ view of the importance of gestures of electromyographic activity based on a neural network and the use of the bracelet bionic hand. The comparison of artificial limbs for cosmetic vs functional purposes touches on hand prosthetics, prosthesis, myoelectric, control, learning, real-time, discriminating, multichannel surface electromyography (SEMG) pattern recogni‐ tion, video games, myoelectric, control, multi-function, adaptation, reinforcement Artificial Intelligence, virtual reality (VR) and game devices.

> **Mark Schwartz** PFMS Inc. Dorval, Canada

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Biofeedback and Neurofeedback in the Treatment of**

**Biofeedback and Neurofeedback in the Treatment of** 

Biofeedback is a noninvasive method of measurement of physiological functions where precise instruments measure the slightest changes in body functions. Many of the studies have shown that using biofeedback can reduce the occurrence of migraine or reduce the strength of the pain. Some results from a study suggest that the use of biofeedback in combination with medication is more successful than medication alone in treating migraines. Also, holistic approach by using behavioral technic is necessary to provide maximal results by methods. To more precisely work with patients who suffer from a migraine, it is also important to know the pathophysiology of a migraine. According to relevant research, we combined biofeedback treatment that consisted of a combination of three forms of biofeedback treatment: neurofeedback, breathing, and vascular biofeedback. Combination of treatments in 25 sessions helped the patient with a long history of a severe migraine. Further research of patients suffering from a migraine with different

**Keywords:** biofeedback, neurofeedback, migraine treatment, pathophysiology,

Migraine headache is one of the most common headaches in the general population, 15% suffering from the European Union population [1] which with disabling symptoms significantly decreases the quality of life of the patients [2]. According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders [3], a chronic migraine is a type of a primary headache occurring in 15 or more days per month for more than 3 months, in which more than 8 days per month of

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76534

**Migraine**

**Migraine**

Ana Vodanovic Kosic

Ana Vodanovic Kosic

**Abstract**

breathing technique

**1. Introduction**

Ivana Zivoder, Sanja Martic-Biocina and

Ivana Zivoder, Sanja Martic-Biocina and

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76534

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

treatment protocols is needed to establish the method.

#### **Biofeedback and Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Migraine Biofeedback and Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Migraine**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76534

Ivana Zivoder, Sanja Martic-Biocina and Ana Vodanovic Kosic Ivana Zivoder, Sanja Martic-Biocina and Ana Vodanovic Kosic

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76534

#### **Abstract**

back. The study method is clear and supports the results. The discussion and literature re‐ view is thorough and provides an interesting comparison with centres in other countries. The third chapter is by Dr Liao Da-Vin and is titled "Collaborative, social-networked pos‐ ture training with posturing monitoring and biofeedback". It is a useful and timely descrip‐ tion of the role of biofeedback to support rehabilitation therapy at home and describes how objective information of physiotherapy treatments could increase the quality of service and the consistency of treatment outcomes. The experiment is clearly described and the conclu‐ sions support the presented research with evidence from the literature. The chapter pro‐ vokes more thought on how the application of mobile devices and apps need to be adapted for different treatment approaches and for specific conditions and contexts such as client

The fourth chapter is by Prof. Silva Hugo and is titled "Bridging the clinic-home divide in muscular rehabilitation". It also covers the role of biofeedback to support rehabilitation ther‐ apy at home and describes how objective information of physiotherapy treatments could

The fifth chapter, "Effect of infra-low frequency neurofeedback on infra-slow-EEG-fluctua‐ tions" places Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback (ILF NF) within the framework of EEG biofeedback. The review of EEG biofeedback based on frequencies within the conventional EEG spectrum of 0.5 to 40 Hz is useful and clearly distinguishes between the purpose of Infra-Low Frequency (ILF) neurofeedback with references from the literature to support in‐ fra-slow potential fluctuations in modulating the level of cortical excitability and thus regu‐ lating brain dynamical activity. The difference(s) between "normal" and "balanced" in the interpretation and conclusions regarding modifications in the changes in the amplitude dis‐ tribution within the ILF spectral range as a reflection of the "normalization" or "balancing" in the metabolic balance in the brain tissue and increasing efficiency of compensatory mech‐

The sixth and final chapter, "Control systems of bionic limbs of the new generation and con‐ trol systems with EMG signals of VR and games", provides a useful introduction and over‐ view of the importance of gestures of electromyographic activity based on a neural network and the use of the bracelet bionic hand. The comparison of artificial limbs for cosmetic vs functional purposes touches on hand prosthetics, prosthesis, myoelectric, control, learning, real-time, discriminating, multichannel surface electromyography (SEMG) pattern recogni‐ tion, video games, myoelectric, control, multi-function, adaptation, reinforcement Artificial

> **Mark Schwartz** PFMS Inc. Dorval, Canada

increase the quality of service and the consistency of treatment outcomes..

populations of teens, parents, guardians and friends.

VIII Preface

anisms in the stress regulation systems is described.

Intelligence, virtual reality (VR) and game devices.

Biofeedback is a noninvasive method of measurement of physiological functions where precise instruments measure the slightest changes in body functions. Many of the studies have shown that using biofeedback can reduce the occurrence of migraine or reduce the strength of the pain. Some results from a study suggest that the use of biofeedback in combination with medication is more successful than medication alone in treating migraines. Also, holistic approach by using behavioral technic is necessary to provide maximal results by methods. To more precisely work with patients who suffer from a migraine, it is also important to know the pathophysiology of a migraine. According to relevant research, we combined biofeedback treatment that consisted of a combination of three forms of biofeedback treatment: neurofeedback, breathing, and vascular biofeedback. Combination of treatments in 25 sessions helped the patient with a long history of a severe migraine. Further research of patients suffering from a migraine with different treatment protocols is needed to establish the method.

**Keywords:** biofeedback, neurofeedback, migraine treatment, pathophysiology, breathing technique
