*8.2.2. Urine*

A proteomic approach based on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) was applied by von zur Mühlen et al. [53] for noninvasive identification of PE specific urinary markers of pathophysiological relevance. The analysis of urine from patients with symptoms associated with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (DVT + PE) allowed the authors to identify 62 urinary peptides, i.e., fragments of type I collagen and a fragment of fibrinogen β-chain, whose presence in organized and acute thrombus has been demonstrated by the authors using immunohistochemistry.

Compared to asthma, interstitial lung disease, cystic fibrosis, and COPD, fewer articles have been published for "minor" diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). This is, in large part, due to the lower prevalence of these disorders which results in difficulties recruiting cohorts of patients whose size allows detection of statistically significant data. Nevertheless, Chang et al. [54] and Sixt et al. [55] investigated the proteomics of ARDS; proteomic data on HAPE have been published by Ahmad et al. [56, 57] and by Yang et al. [58], and preliminary data on IPA have been produced by Brasier et al. [59].
