16. CBRNE

2. Rehabilitation: in this stage, save the undamaged issues, restore the restorable, and try to go back to pre-disaster condition. In the example in the first point, work to fix and rebuild

3. Development: this will be a long-lasting stage (maybe to the next disaster impact); it will intermingle with the mitigation plan, and in it, new standards are set in the building codes or electricity sources to decrease the harmful effects of disasters and go back to normality more rapidly with less damage or work with better efficiency. In the same example as discussed earlier, building or making modifications in other buildings to use them as

There are disasters, mostly natural ones, with scale beyond the ability of the country. Such disasters need the cooperation of the international community to deal with them. The earthquake in Pakistan in 2004, tsunami in 2005, and the earthquake in Haiti in 2011 are just recent examples of such disasters. One of the problems faced during such huge efforts is the duplication of some aspects of the humanitarian acts and missing of some other aspects. This leads to the foundation of the Sphere project under the care of the UN. It was launched in 1997 to develop a set of minimum standards in core areas of humanitarian assistance [69]. For better arrangements and coordination of the various organizations involved in the response, the cluster approach was developed to coordinate the efforts. Figure 11 shows the cluster approach with the organiza-

the health-care facility is done in this stage.

112 Essentials of Accident and Emergency Medicine

alternative places will serve patients in time of disaster.

15. International efforts to deal with disasters

tions' responsibilities [70].

Figure 11. The cluster approach.

This abbreviation denotes the use of abnormal or unusual agents which are as follows:


These weapons can create large disruption in terms of the number and level of wellness of the community. Details are beyond the scope of this book.
