**Acknowledgements**

Cochrane review on the use of vitamin E in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and AD did not identify evidences that alpha-tocopherol prevents MCI progression or that it improves cognitive function in people with MCI due to AD. However, there is moderate qual-

Meta-analysis of prospective trials revealed, that Mediterranean diet reduces risks of development of Alzheimer's disease and also progression of mild cognitive impairment into dementia. Mediterranean diet could potentially exert neuroprotective effects via different mechanisms,

Non pharmacological treatment of MCI involves management of modifying risk factors,

There is growing evidence that cognitive interventions may be associated with small cognitive benefits for patients with MCI and dementia. Based on recent trials, computer training program has particular positive effect on cognition and mood. Cooper at al. reviewed two long term group psychological intervention studies. They found that 20 sessions of memory training, reminiscence, cognitive stimulation, psychomotor recreation and social interaction improved global cognition on a primary outcome in a single, very small, 6-month placebo-controlled trial. However, another trial including ten sessions of memory training, psycho education and relax-

Mayo clinic professionals created a MCI intervention program called Healthy Action to Benefit Independence and Thinking (HABIT). HABIT is a 10-day (50 hours) multi-component program offered to individuals with mild cognitive impairment. The program builds on existing strengths and recognizes that procedural memory can be utilized to promote the highest level of function and independence. The program includes five essential components: Individual memory compensation training; Group supportive therapy; Yoga; Brain fitness; Wellness education. Preliminary program evaluation data suggests positive impact on self-efficacy outcomes for

ation did not improve recall on secondary outcomes in one small 6-month trial [38].

patients and caregivers, as well as positive impact on patient functional outcomes [43].

Exercise has been associated with positive effects on neuronal survivability and function, neuroinflammation, vascularization, neuroendocrine response to stress, and brain amyloid burden. It also helps to improve cardiovascular risk factors. Ohman et al performed systematic review of selected 22 trials examining the effect of physical exercise on cognitive performance. According to the review of studies on older subjects with MCI reported some positive effect of physical exercise on cognition, mainly on global cognition, executive function, attention and delayed recall. However, most studies performed in older subjects with dementia showed no

Mitchell and Shiri-Feshki analyzed 41 high-quality cohort studies. They have found that the annual conversion rate (ACR) from MCI to dementia is approximately 5–10% and most people with MCI will not progress to dementia even after 10 years of follow-up [39]. The cumulative risk over 10 years ranged between 30 and 50%, depending on whether the studies that were analyzed used a definition of MCI that included subjective memory complaints.

ity evidence from a single study that it may slow functional decline in AD [42].

such as reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress.

102 Alzheimer's Disease - The 21st Century Challenge

social and cognitive rehabilitation and physical activity.

effect of exercise on cognition [39].

**7. Prognosis of mild cognitive impairment**

We would like to thank Dr. Nina Mikeladze and Dr. Natalia Chlikadze for their contribution to the revision and translation process.
