Preface

**Section 4 Advancing Syntactical Options in BCI Therapy 89**

Chapter 7 **Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface Systems: Approaches,**

Bijay Guragain, Ali Haider and Reza Fazel-Rezai

Chapter 8 **Image-guided Placement of Magnetic Neuroparticles as a**

**Potential High-Resolution Brain-Machine Interface 141** Irving N. Weinberg, Lamar O. Mair, Sahar Jafari, Jose Algarin, Jose Maria Benlloch Baviera, James Baker-McKee, Bradley English, Sagar Chowdhury, Pulkit Malik, Jamelle Watson-Daniels, Olivia Hale, Pavel Y. Stepanov, Aleksandar Nacev, Ryan Hilaman, Said Ijanaten, Christian Koudelka, Ricardo Araneda, Jens Herberholz, Luz J. Martinez-Miranda, Benjamin Shapiro, Pablo S. Villar, Ilya Krivorotov,

**Features, and Trends 113**

Sakhrat Khizroev and Stanley Fricke

Chapter 6 **SSVEP-Based BCIs 91** Rajesh Singla

**VI** Contents

This book proves the need for BCI to adjust its therapeutic role to accommodate the distinct syntactic and semantic levels of dynamical coding architectures that characterize the more complex circumstances of motor cognition. In doing so, the book draws from up-to-date and forward looking imaging technologies, including advances in classification methods using artificial intelligence and feature element recognition, as well as a cross-fertilization from methodologically related technologies, novel frequency configurations, in situ and interfa‐ cial implanting technology, output driven therapy based on dynamical language architec‐ tures, perceptual imaging therapy based on form reconstruction, and neurorehabilitation that links form imaging to cognitive and sensorial feedback.

The book begins with a thematic chapter discussing the pertinence of the brain's operational dynamics for BCI and how this entails shifting the needs of syntax, semantics, and resulting in construction related to the performance demands of the body. Their impact on modifying the current BCI therapeutic model is then discussed. Subsequent chapters show how these novel aspects will require new analytical approaches that can respond to the motive and modular meaning of dynamical elements, now being developed in the classification technologies, and even more distant information and intelligence disciplines. In this vein, Chapter 2 discusses the use of deep learning intelligence schemes that can be applied to decompose wavelets, information bearing, deconstructed forms that promise improved data extraction over fourier analysis. Chapter 3 then takes the eclectic tack of improving classification parcellation by bor‐ rowing from technologies that detect false from real signal content in forgery detection.

A critical feature for BCI administered therapy is that, at deeper dynamical levels, the brain is not merely attempting to communicate completed imagery with defined semantic content, but is instead investing meaning to the perceptual form. This can be seen in BCI rehabilita‐ tion approaches that seek to elicit motor imagery in the attempt to repair central events, as presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 furthers this use of BCI beyond motor image generation to the processes involved in assembling the motor image. This entails the use of realistic sen‐ sorial feedback that generates an embodied sense, akin to what happens in normal cogni‐ tion, that is, through a recreation of the dynamical elements used to generate the form image on an online-updated basis.

While the primary intent of any therapy is the restoration of the endogenous physiology, BCI therapy has frequently resorted to a replace and restore strategy, meaning the substitu‐ tion of normal performance with implant devices, a concession to the inherent difficulty in fully healing these nerve processes. In such instances, BCI will need to advance technology so as to interface with dynamical elements in order to not only convey formulated action intentions but also to assist in their construction.

Three final chapters consider this dimension in their discussion of the advantages and per‐ formance constraints of mediating brain-based output. Chapter 6 discusses a cue related po‐ tential, the SSVEP, as an interpretive element that conveys intended actions. Such potentials are proposed to engage synchronous oscillatory activity; hence, they are promising for ex‐ ploring mechanisms of oscillatory transfer that lead to new behavioral states. Chapter 7 ex‐ plores the evolution of single mode BCI to multimode hybrid configurations that combine the advantages of multi-classification and multi-command modes.

Chapter 8 considers an entirely new form of interfacial elements, magnetic nanoparticles, that are capable of frequency modulation. Because these are subject to navigational control, they can be mobilized to any region of the brain; hence, they are potentially capable of dy‐ namically interacting with resonating neural ensembles throughout the brain.

It is my hope that this text will generate a thoughtful discussion about how these challenges lead BCI to undertake new therapeutic roles and administer new strategic responses to the motor impaired patient.

I am grateful to Loyola University Chicago for their kindness in supporting this project and for ready access to their informational facilities.

> **Prof. Denis Larrivee** Loyola University Chicago Chicago, USA

**Section 1**

**New Conceptions in BCI Therapy: Syntax and**

**Semantics in Rehabilitation**

**New Conceptions in BCI Therapy: Syntax and Semantics in Rehabilitation**

Three final chapters consider this dimension in their discussion of the advantages and per‐ formance constraints of mediating brain-based output. Chapter 6 discusses a cue related po‐ tential, the SSVEP, as an interpretive element that conveys intended actions. Such potentials are proposed to engage synchronous oscillatory activity; hence, they are promising for ex‐ ploring mechanisms of oscillatory transfer that lead to new behavioral states. Chapter 7 ex‐ plores the evolution of single mode BCI to multimode hybrid configurations that combine

Chapter 8 considers an entirely new form of interfacial elements, magnetic nanoparticles, that are capable of frequency modulation. Because these are subject to navigational control, they can be mobilized to any region of the brain; hence, they are potentially capable of dy‐

It is my hope that this text will generate a thoughtful discussion about how these challenges lead BCI to undertake new therapeutic roles and administer new strategic responses to the

I am grateful to Loyola University Chicago for their kindness in supporting this project and

**Prof. Denis Larrivee** Loyola University Chicago

Chicago, USA

the advantages of multi-classification and multi-command modes.

motor impaired patient.

VIII Preface

for ready access to their informational facilities.

namically interacting with resonating neural ensembles throughout the brain.

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Introductory Chapter: Multilevel Representational**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80232

Introductory Chapter: Multilevel Representational

**Content in BCI Therapy - Extending Syntactic and**

The often expressed, but usually trite cliché about history duplicating fiction, nonetheless, reflects a deeper reality, about the human penchant for mystery behind modern technological marvels like brain-computer interfacing (BCI). Indeed, by combining the elusiveness of mental representations with unseen links to motor movements, BCI seemingly appealed to fictional accounts of unlimited mobility and teleportation. This mystique behind the mechanism has lessened somewhat since Jacque Vidal first coined the term in the 1970s [1]. Nevertheless, there remains ongoing excitement over therapeutic prospects that continue to drive interest in advancing BCI applications. Recent domains for example have included the rehabilitation of stroke victims, improved learning with artificial sensory feedback, and real-time control over fine motor movements, as well as the traditional mobilization of external devices usually associated with BCI.

As a strategic response to cognitive and CNS impairments, BCI is a theoretical outgrowth of several generations of endogenous devices that have as a prime strategy the direct replacement of lost neural function. Devices like pacemakers, cochlear implants, and vagal stimulators for example have all been successfully deployed in the relatively simpler anatomical substrate of sensorial and motor nerves where nerve transmission is largely unidirectional and composed of sequences of transmitting signals [2, 3]. In these applications the premise of administering therapy by replacing lost function has been limited to the restoration of signal-generating capacity [4]. Cochlear implants, for instance, transduce pitch vibrations that occur outside the ear to coded electrical signals within the cochlea in order to elicit action potentials in the frequency to place receptors that form the auditory nerve. Implants sited more internally are similarly designed but require the presence of a bidirectional interface for nerve signals, that is, one that can both receive electrical impulses from the intact nerve tissue and yield an

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Content in BCI Therapy - Extending Syntactic and

**Semantic Architectures**

Semantic Architectures

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80232

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Denis Larrivee

1. Introduction

Denis Larrivee

#### **Introductory Chapter: Multilevel Representational Content in BCI Therapy - Extending Syntactic and Semantic Architectures** Introductory Chapter: Multilevel Representational Content in BCI Therapy - Extending Syntactic and Semantic Architectures

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80232

Denis Larrivee Denis Larrivee

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80232
