**Meet the editor**

Dr. Charles Attah Osheku was the Director of the Centre for Space Transport and Propulsion, Epe, Lagos, an activity Centre of the National Space Research and Development Agency, Nigeria. He obtained his BSc in Mechanical Engineering from the Obafemi Awolowo University and his MSc and PhD in Mechanical Engineering (Engineering Mechanics) from the University

of Lagos, Nigeria. He was the incumbent chairman of the Lagos Branch of Nigeria Society of Engineers' Space Engineering Division and a board member of the Division. Dr. Osheku was a research expert in rockets and missiles; solid fuel physics; solid rocket engine design; structural, flow, and combustion-induced vibrations; aircraft and jet noise modeling; and dissipation and vibration of laminated structures. He has 63 scientific papers to his credit, published in reputable international journals, and ASME International Offshore Mechanics Conferences. He was a COREN (Nigeria)-registered engineer and a professional member of ASME and AIAA.

Contents

**Preface VII**

Chapter 1 **Adaptive Navigation, Guidance and Control Techniques Applied to Ballistic Projectiles and Rockets 1**

Chapter 2 **State-Space Modeling of a Rocket for Optimal Control**

Aliyu Bhar Kisabo and Aliyu Funmilayo Adebimpe

Chapter 3 **Discrete Element Modeling of a Projectile Impacting and Penetrating into Granular Systems 39**

Chapter 4 **Analytical Prediction for Grain Burn Time and Burning Area**

Chapter 5 **Ballistic Testing of Armor Panels Based on Aramid 77**

Catalin Pirvu and Lorena Deleanu

**Kinematics in a Solid Rocket Combustion Chamber 49**

Charles A. Osheku, Oluleke O. Babayomi and Oluwaseyi T. Olawole

Raúl de Celis and Luis Cadarso

**System Design 19**

Waseem Ghazi Alshanti

## Contents

**Preface XI**



Preface

 

 

book's topics and objectives.

**Note from the publisher:**

 

This edited volume is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters concerning developments within the ballistics field of study. The book includes scholarly contributions by various authors and is edited by a group of experts pertinent to engineering mechanics. Each contribution comes as a separate chapter complete in itself but directly related to the

The book includes chapters dealing with the following topics: adaptive navigation, guidance and control techniques applied to projectiles and rockets, state-space modeling of a rocket for optimal control system design, discrete element modeling of a projectile impacting and penetrating into granular systems, analytical prediction for grain burn tie and burning area kinematics in a solid rocket combustion chamber and ballistic testing of armor panels based

It is with great sadness and regret that we inform the contributing authors and future read‐ ers of this book that the Editor, Dr. Charles Attah Osheku, passed away during the publish‐ ing process of the book and before having a chance to see its publication. Dr. Osheku was IntechOpen's long-term collaborator and edited his first book with us in 2018 (*Lamination*). The book *Ballistics* was his second edited volume and contains his third published chapter with us. Fruitful collaboration continued until his final days. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Osheku's contribution to scientific publishing, which he made during years of dedicated

on aramid. The target audience comprises scholars and specialists in the field.

work, and express our gratitude for his pleasant cooperation with us.

## Preface

 This edited volume is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters concerning developments within the ballistics field of study. The book includes scholarly contributions by various authors and is edited by a group of experts pertinent to engineering mechanics. Each contribution comes as a separate chapter complete in itself but directly related to the book's topics and objectives.

 The book includes chapters dealing with the following topics: adaptive navigation, guidance and control techniques applied to projectiles and rockets, state-space modeling of a rocket for optimal control system design, discrete element modeling of a projectile impacting and penetrating into granular systems, analytical prediction for grain burn tie and burning area kinematics in a solid rocket combustion chamber and ballistic testing of armor panels based on aramid. The target audience comprises scholars and specialists in the field.

#### **Note from the publisher:**

 It is with great sadness and regret that we inform the contributing authors and future read‐ ers of this book that the Editor, Dr. Charles Attah Osheku, passed away during the publish‐ ing process of the book and before having a chance to see its publication. Dr. Osheku was IntechOpen's long-term collaborator and edited his first book with us in 2018 (*Lamination*). The book *Ballistics* was his second edited volume and contains his third published chapter with us. Fruitful collaboration continued until his final days. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Osheku's contribution to scientific publishing, which he made during years of dedicated work, and express our gratitude for his pleasant cooperation with us.

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Adaptive Navigation, Guidance and Control**

Applied to Ballistic Projectiles and Rockets

Raúl de Celis and Luis Cadarso

Raúl de Celis and Luis Cadarso

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73511

Abstract

semi-active laser

1. Introduction

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**Techniques Applied to Ballistic Projectiles and Rockets**

Accuracy and precision are the cornerstone for ballistic projectiles from the earliest days of this discipline. In the beginnings, impact point precision in artillery devices deteriorated when range were extended, particularly for non-propelled artillery rockets and shells. Later, inertial navigation and guidance systems are introduced and precision was unlinked from range increases. In the last 30 years, hybridization between inertial systems and GNSS devices has improved precision enormously. Unfortunately, during the last stages of flight, inertial and GNSS methods (hybridized or not) feature big errors on attitude and position determination. Low cost devices, which are precise on terminal guidance and do not feature accumulative error, such as quadrant photo-detector, seem to be appropriate to be included on the guidance systems. Hybrid algorithms, which combine GNSSs, IMUs and photodetectors, and a novel technic of attitude determination, which avoids the use of gyroscopes, are presented in this chapter. Hybridized measurements are implemented on modified proportional navigation law and a rotatory force control method. A realistic non-linear flight dynamics model has been developed to

perform simulations to prove the accuracy of the presented algorithms.

Keywords: rockets, artillery, flight mechanics, navigation, guidance, control,

A precision-guided munition (PGM) is a guided munition intended to precisely hit a specific target, and to minimize collateral damage. Considering that the damage effects of explosive weapons decrease with distance, even modest improvements in accuracy enable a target to be attacked with fewer or smaller bombs. The precision of these weapons is dependent both on

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Adaptive Navigation, Guidance and Control Techniques

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73511
